Depositional environment of the Fort Member of the Jurasic Jaisalmer Formation (western Rajasthan, India), as revealed from lithofacies and grain-size analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2017.15.3.1Keywords:
Lithofacies, Grain-size analysis, Depositional environment, Shallow marine, Fort Member, JurassicAbstract
Lithofacies and granulometric analysis were carried out to decipher the depositional environment of the Fort Member of the Jurassic Jaisalmer Formation. Based on field data nine lithofacies have been identified including trough cross-bedded sandstones, planar cross-bedded sandstones, matrix supported conglomerates, thinly bedded siltstone and sandstones, herringbone cross-bedded sandstones, wave rippled sandstones, laminated sandstones, hummocky cross-bedded sandstones, limestones and shales. Granulometric analysis of the sandstones samples has been carried out for their statistical and textural parameters. Bivariant plots of textural parameters such as graphic skewness versus graphic standard deviation and kewness versus standard deviation confirm the high energy (beach) origin of sandstones. These results suggest a wide spectrum of marine environments ranging from inner shelf to upper shoreface for the Fort Member sandstones.
References
Awasthi, A.M., 2002. Geophysical exploration in Jaisalmer Basin - a case history. Geohorizons, 1-6.
Banerjee, S., Bhattacharya, S.K., Sarkar, S., 2006. Carbon and Oxygen isotope compositions of the carbonate facies in the Vindhyan Supergroup, Central India. Journal of Earth System Science, 115, 113-134.
Bhat, G.M., Ahmad, A.H.M., 2013. Temporal facies and diagenetic evolution of the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate Jajiya Member (Callovian-Oxfordian), Jaisalmer Formation, West India. Volumina Jurassica, 11, 147-162.
Blanford, W.T., 1877. Geological notes on the Great Indian Desert between Sind and Rajputana. Record Geological Survey of India, 10, 10-21.
Bonde, S.D., 2010. A new genus of podocarpaceous wood from the Lathi Formation (Early Jurassic) of Rajasthan, India. Geophytology, 38(1-2), 19-24.
Bridge, J.S., 1981. Hydraulic interpretation of the grain size distribution using a physical model for bed load transport. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 51, 1109-1124.
Corcoran, P.L., Muller, W.U., Chown, E.H., 1998. Climatic and tectonic influences on fan deltas and wave to tide controlled shoreface deposits, evidence from the Archean Keskarrah Formation, slave province, Canada. Sedimentary Geology, 120,125-152.
Das Gupta, S.K., 1975. A revision of the Mesozoic-Tertiary stratigraphy of the Jaisalmer basin, Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2, 77-94.
Evans, G., 1965. Intertidal flat sediment and their environments of deposition in The Wash. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 121, 209-245.
Folk, R.L., Ward, W.C., 1957. Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27, 3-26.
Forrest, J., Clark, N.R., 1989. Characterizing grain size distribution: evaluation of a new approach using multivariate extension of entropy analysis. Sedimentology, 36, 711-722.
Friedman, G.M., 1961. Distinction between dune, beach and river sands from the textural characteristics. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 31, 514-529.
Friedman, G.M., 1967. Dynamic processes and statistical parameters compared for size frequency distribution of beach and river sands. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 37(2), 327-354.
Friedman, G.M., 1979. Address of the retiring President of the International Association of Sedimentologists, Differences in size distributions of particles among sands of various origins.
Sedimentology, 26, 3-32.
Friedman, G.M., Sanders, J.R., 1978. Principles of sedimentology. New York,Wiley, 792pp.
Fursich, F.T., Oschmann, W., Singh, I.B., Jaitly, A.K., 1992. Hardgrounds, reworked concretion levels and condensed horizons in the Jurassic of western India: their significance for basin analysis. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 149, 313-331.
Griffiths, J.C., 1967. Scientific Method in Analysis of Sediments. New York, McGraw-Hill, 508pp.
Hamblin, D.P., Walker, R.G., 1979. Storm-dominated shallowmarine deposits: the Fernie-Kootenay (Jurassic) transition, Southern Rocky Mountains Canada. Journal of Earth Science,
, 1673-1689.
Harms, J.C., Southard, J.B., Spearing, D.R., Walker, R.G., 1975. Depositional environments as interpreted from primary sedimentary structures and stratification sequences. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course, 2, 161pp.
Harms, J.C., Southard, J.B., Walker, R.G., 1982. Structures and sequences in clastic rocks. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course, 9, 8-51.
Heckle, P.H., 1972. Recognition of ancient shallow marine environments. In: Rigby, J.K., Hamblin, W.K. (eds.). Recognition of Ancient Sedimentary Environments. Society for Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 16, 226-286.
Howard, J.D., 1971. Comparison of the beach to offshore sequence in modern and ancient sediments. In: Howard, J.D., Valentine, J.W., Warme, J.E., (Eds.), Recent Advances in Palaeoecology and ichnology. American Geological Institute, Short course, Lecture notes. 148-183.
Howard, J.D., Reineck, H.K., 1972. Physical and biogenic sedimentary structures of the nearshore shelf. Senckenberg Mar, 4, 81-123.
Jodhawat, R.L., Kachhara, R.P., 2000. Modiolus zonation of the Jaisalmer Formation, Rajasthan. Proceedings 16th Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Bulletin, 37(1), 207-211.
Johnson, H.D., 1978. Shallow siliciclastic seas. In: Reading, H.G. (ed.). Sedimentary Environments and Facies. Blackwell Oxford, 207-258pp.
Kachhara, R.P., Jodhawat, R.L., 1981. On the age of Jaisalmer Formation, Rajasthan, India. Proceedings of IX Indian Colloquium on Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy, 235-247.
Klein, G.deV., 1970. Tidal origin of a Precambrian quartzitethe Lower Fine Grain Quartzite (Middle Dalradian) of Islay, Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 40, 973-985.
Komar, P.D., 1976. Beach processes and sedimentation. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 429pp.
Komar, P.D., Inman, D.L., 1970. Longshore sand transport on beaches. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 5914-5927.
Krumbein, W.C., Graybill, F.A., 1965. An Introduction to Statistical Models in Geology. New York, McGraw-Hill, 475pp.
Krumbein, W.C., Sloss, F.J., 1963. Stratigraphy and Sedimentation. San Francisco-London, Freeman, 660pp.
Kulkarni, K.G., Borkar, V.D., Petare, T.J., 2008. Ichnofossils from the Fort Member (Middle Jurassic), Jaisalmer Formation, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 71, 731-738.
Kumar, N., Sanders, J.E., 1976. Characteristics of shoreface deposits: modern and ancient. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 46, 145-162.
Lukose, N.G., 1972. Palynological evidence on the age of Lathi Formation, Western Rajasthan.Proceedings Seminar on Paleopalynology and Indian Stratigraphy, Calcutta University, 155-159.
Mahendra, K., Banerji, R.K., 1989. Textural study and depositional environment of sand grains from rocks of Jaisalmer Formation, Jaisalmer District, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Geological Society of India, 33(3), 228-242.
Mahendra, K., Banerji, R.K., 1990. Petrography, diagenesis and depositional environment of Middle Jurassic Jaisalmer Carbonates, Rajasthan, India. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(3/4), 19-207.
Mason, C.C., Folk, R.L., 1958. Differentiation of beach, dune and aeolian flat environments by size analysis. Mustang Island, Texas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 28, 211-226.
McCave, I.N., 1970. Deposition of fine grained suspended sediment from tidal currents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 4151-4159.
McLaren, P., Bowles, D., 1985. The effect of sediments transport on grain size distribution. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55, 457-470.
Moiola, R.J., Weiser, D., 1968. Textural parameters: An evaluation. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 38(1), 45-53.
Moore, C.H., 1979. Porosity in carbonate rock sequences. In: Geology of carbonate porosity. American Association of Petroleum Geologists continuing education course notes, 11, Al-A124 Tulsa.
Mukhopadhyay, J., Choudhuri, A.K., 2003. Shallow to deep water deposition in a cratonic basin; an example from the Proterozoic Penganga Group, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 613-622.
Mukhtinath, M., 1967. Phosphate deposits in Rajasthan. Indian Mineral, 21, 83-101.
Mukhtinath, M., 1969. Phosphate deposits in Rajasthan. Indian Mineral, 23(7), 29-42.
Narayanan, K., Subrahmanyan, M., Srinivasan, S., 1961. Geology of Jaisalmer. Unpublished report, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Dehradun, India.
Oldham, R.D., 1886. Preliminary note on the geology of northern Jaisalmer. Record Geological Survey of India, 19,157-160.
Pandey, D.K., Choudhary, S., Bahadur, T., Swami, N., Sha, J., 2012b. A review of the Lower–lowermost Upper Jurassic lithostratigraphy of the Jaisalmer Basin, western Rajasthan, India an implication on biostratigraphy. Volumina Jurassica, 10, 61-82.
Pandey, D.K., Fursich, F.T., Bron-Szabo, R., 2009a. Jurassic corals from the Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan, western India. Zittelina, A48/49, 13-37.
Pandey, D.K., Fursich, F.T., Sha, J., 2009b. Interbasinal marker intervals- A case study from the Jurassic basins of Kachchh and Jaisalmer, Western India. Science in China Series DEarth Sciences, 52(12), 1924-1931.
Pandey, D.K., Kashyap, D., Choudhary, S., 2005. Microfacies and depositional environment of the Gharoi River section (upper Jaisalmer Formation), west of Baisakhi Village, Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan. Jaipur, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Oil, Gas & Lignite Scenario with special Reference to Rajasthan, 117-130.
Pandey, D.K., Sha, J., Choudhary, S., 2006a. Depositional environment of Bathonian sediments of the Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan, western India. Beijing, Progress in Natural Science (Special issue of IGCP 506 on the Jurassic Boundary Events), 16, 163-175.
Pandey, D.K., Sha, J., Choudhary, S., 2006b. Depositional history of the early part of the Jurassic succession on the Rajasthan Shelf, western India. Beijing, Progress in Natural Science (Special issue of IGCP 506 on the Jurassic Boundary Events), 16, 176-185.
Pandey, D.K., Sha, J., Choudhary, S., 2010. Sedimentary cycles in the Callovian-Oxfordian of the Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan, western India. Volumina Jurassica, 8, 131-162.
Pandey, J., Dave, A., 1998. Stratigraphy of Indian petroliferous basins. In: Proceedings of XVI Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy, 1-248.
Pareek, H.S., 1984. Pre-Quaternary Geology and Mineral Resources of northwestern Rajasthan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 115, 1-99.
Pettijohn, F.G., 1975. Sedimentary rocks.New York, Harper and Row Publishers, 628pp.
Powers, M.C., 1953. A new roundness scale for sedimentary particles. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 23, 117-119.
Reading, H.G., 1986. Sedimentary Environment and Facies. Blackwell Scientific publication, London, 615pp.
Reineck, H.E., Singh, I.B., 1980. Depositional Sedimentary Environment. New York, Springer-Verlag, 549pp.
Reineck, H.E., Wunderlich, F., 1968. Classification and origin of flaser and lenticular bedding. Sedimentology, 11, 99-104.
Shepard, F.P., Inman, D.L., 1950. Near shore circulation related to bottom topography and wave refraction. Transactions - American Geophysical Union, 31, 555-565.
Singh, A.K., Sethi, J.R., Rai, A.K., Kumar, S., Kundu, J., Goel, S.M., 2005. An overview of exploration and exploitation strategy for hydrocarbons in ONGC acreages of Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan–Proceedings of the National Seminar on Oil, Gas & Lignite Scenario with special Reference to Rajasthan held on 20-21 April: 53–68; Jaipur.
Srivastava, S.K., 1966. Jurassic microflora from Rajasthan, India. Micropaleontology, 12(1), 87-103.
Stewart, H.B. Jr., 1958. Sedimentary reflections of depositional environments in San Miguel Lago, Baja California, Mexico. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 42, 2567-2618.
Swaminathan, J., Krinshnamurthy, J.G., Verma, K.K., Chandiak, G.J., 1959. General geology of Jaisalmer area, Rajasthan. Bangkok (ECAFE, UN), Proceedings of the Symposium of Development in Petroleum Resources of Asia and the Far East, Mineral Resources Development Series (10),
Swift, D.J.P., Figueiredo, Jr.A.G., Freeland, G.L., Oertel, G.F., 1983. Hummocky cross-stratification and megaripples, a geological double standard. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 53, 1295-1318.
Udden, J.A., 1898. Mechanical composition of wind deposits. Augustana Library, 1, 1-69.
Van-Stratten, L.M.J.U., 1954. Composition and structure of recent marine sediments in the Netherlands. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen, 19, 1-110.
Visher, G.S., 1969. Grain size distributions and depositional processes. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 39, 1074-1106.
Walker, R.G., 1979. Shallow-marine sands. In: Walker, R.G. (ed.). Facies Models. Geoscience Canada reprint Series, 1, 211pp.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Geologica Acta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Geologica Acta is the property of the UB, GEO3BCN, IDAEA and UAB. Geologica Acta must be cited for any partial or full reproduction. Papers are distributed under the Attribution-Share Alike Creative Commons License. This license allows anyone to reproduce and disseminate the content of the journal and even make derivative works crediting authorship and provenance and distributing possible derivative works under the same or an equivalent license.
Author Rights
Authors retain the copyright on their papers and are authorized to post them on their own web pages or institutional repositories. The copyright was retained by the journal from the year 2003 until 2009. In all cases, the complete citation and a link to the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) of the article must be included.
The authors can use excerpts or reproduce illustrations of their papers in other works without prior permission from Geologica Acta provided the source of the paper including the complete citation is fully acknowledged.
