Geometry and kinematics of the Baza Fault (central Betic Cordillera, South Spain): insights into its seismic potential
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2020.18.11Keywords:
Normal fault, Active tectonics, Fault geometry, Seismogenic characterizationAbstract
The geometry and kinematics of active faults have a significant impact on their seismic potential. In this work, a structural characterization of the active Baza Fault (central Betic Cordillera, southern Spain) combining surface and subsurface data is presented. Two sectors are defined based on their surface geometry: a northern sector striking N–S to NNW–SSE with a narrow damage zone and a southern sector striking NW–SE with a wide damage zone. A kinematic analysis shows pure normal fault kinematics along most of the fault. Geometric differences between the northern and southern sectors are caused by i) a heterogeneous basement controlling the fault geometry at depth and in the cover; ii) different orientations of the Baza Fault in the basement with respect to the regional extension direction and iii) interaction with other active faults. We use this structural characterization to analyse the segmentation of the Baza Fault. According to segmentation criteria, the entire Baza Fault should be considered a single fault seismogenic segment. Consequently, the seismic potential of the fault is defined for a complete rupture. Magnitude for the Mmax event is calculated using several scale relationships, obtaining values ranging between Mw 6.6 and Mw 7.1. Recurrence times range between approximately 2,000 and 2,200 years for Mmax events and between 5,300 and 5,400 years for palaeo-events. A geodetic scenario modelled for an Mmax event of Mw 6.7 shows permanent vertical displacements of more than 0.40m and an overall WSW–ENE extension during entire ruptures of the Baza Fault.
References
Abaimov, S.G., Turcotte, D.L., Shchervakov, R., Rundle, J.B., Yakovlev, G., Goltz, C., Newman, W.I., 2008. Earthquakes: Recurrence and Interoccurrence Times. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 165, 777-795. DOI: 10.1007/s00024-008-0331-y Agustí, J., Oms, O., Remacha, E., 2001. Long Plio-Pleistocene terrestrial record of climate change and cammal turnover in
southern Spain. Quaternary Research, 56(3), 411-418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2269
Alfaro, P., Delgado, J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Galindo- Zaldívar, J., García-Tortosa, F.J., López-Garrido, A.C., López-Casado, C., Marín-Lechado, A., Gil, A., Borque, M.J., 2008. The Baza Fault: a major active extensional fault in the central Betic Cordillera (south Spain). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 97, 1353-1365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0213-z
Alfaro, P., Sánchez-Alzola, A., Martin-Rojas, I., García-Tortosa, F.J., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Avilés, M., López Garrido, A.C., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Ruano, P., Martínez, F., Pedrera, A., Lacy, M.C., Borque, M.J., Medina-Cascales, I., Gil, A.J., in press. Geodetic fault slip rates of active faults in the Baza sub-basin (SE Spain). Insights for seismic hazard assessment. Journal of Geodynamics.
Azéma, J., Foucault, A., Foucarde, E., García-Hernández, M., González-Donoso, J.M., Linares, D., López-Garrido, A.C., Rivas, P., Vera, J.A., 1979. Las microfacies del Jurásico y el Cretácico de las Zonas Externas de las Cordilleras Béticas. Publicaciones de. La Universidad de Granda, 83pp.
Bense, V.F., Person, M.A., 2006. Faults as conduit-barrier systems to fluid flow in siliciclastic sedimentary aquifers. Water
Resources Research, 42(5), W05421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004480
Boncio, P., Lavecchia, G., Pace, B., 2004. Defining a model of 3D seismogenic sources for Seismic Hazard Assessment applications: The case of central Apennines (Italy). Journal of Seismology, 8, 407-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOSE.0000038449.78801.05
Bott, M.H.P., 1959. The mechanics of oblique slip faulting. Geological Magazine, 96(2), 110-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800059987
Calvache, M.L., Viseras, C., 1997. Long-term control mechanisms of stream piracy processes in southeast Spain. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 22(2), 93-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199702)22:2%3C93::AIDESP673%3E3.0.CO;2-W
Castro, J., Martin-Rojas, I., Medina-Cascales, I., García-Tortosa, F.J., Alfaro, P., Insua-Arévalo, J.M., 2018. Active faulting in the central betic Cordillera (Spain): palaeoseismological constraint of the surface-rupturing history of the Baza Fault (central betic Cordillera, Iberian Peninsula). Tectonophysics, 736, 15-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.04.010
Chartier, T., Scotti, O., Lyon-Caen, H., 2019. SHERIFS: OpenSource Code for Computing Earthquake Rates in Fault Systems and Constructing Hazard Models. Seismological Research Letters, 90(4), 1678-1688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180332
Childs, C., Manzocchi, T., Walsh, J.J., Bonson, C.G., Nicol, A., Schöpfer, M.P.J., 2009. A geometric model of fault zone and fault rock thickness variations. Journal of Structural Geology, 31(2), 117-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.08.009
Cowie, P.A., Roberts, G.P., Bull, J.M., Visini, F., 2012. Relationships between fault geometry, slip rate variability and earthquake recurrence in extensional settings. Geophysical Journal International, 189(1), 143-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05378.x
Crone, A.J., Haller, K.M., 1991. Segmentation and the coseismic behavior of Basin and Range normal faults: examples from
east-central Idaho and southwestern Montana, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(2), 151-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90063-O
Delgado, F., 1978. Los Alpujarrides en Sierra de Baza (Cordilleras Béticas, España). PhD Thesis. University of Granada. 483pp.
De Martini, P.M., Hessami, K., Pantosti, D., D’Addezio, G., Alinaghi, H., Ghafory-Ashtiani, M., 1998. A geologic contribution to the evaluation of the seismic potential of the Kahrizak fault (Tehran, Iran). Tectonophysics, 287(1-4), 187-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)80068-1
DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F., 2010. Geologically current plate motions. Geophysical Journal International, 181(1), 1-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
Deng, C., Gawthorpe, R.L., Finch, E., Fossen, H., 2017. Influence of a pre-existing basement weakness on normal fault growth during oblique extension: Insights from discrete element modeling. Journal of Structural Geology, 105, 44-61. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.11.005
Díaz-Hernández, J.L., Julià, R., 2006. Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the GuadixBaza basin (SE Spain). Quaternary Research, 65(3), 467-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.01.009
Fairley, J.P., 2009. Modeling fluid flow in a heterogeneous, faultcontrolled hydrothermal system. Geofluids, 9(2), 153-166.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2008.00236.x
Ferril., D.A., Morris, A.P., McGinnis, R.N., Smart, K.J., Wigginton, S.S., Hill, N.J., 2017. Mechanical stratigraphy and normal faulting. Journal of Structural Geology, 94, 275-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.11.010
Field, E.H., Johnson, D.D., Dolan, J.F., 1999. A mutually consistent seismic-hazard source model for southern California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 89(3), 559-578.
Field, E.H., Biasi, G.P., Bird, P., Dawson, T.E., Felzer, K.R., Jackson, D.D., Johnson, K.M., Jordan, T.H., Madden, C., Michael, A. J., Milner, K.R., Page, M.T., Parsons, T., Powers, P.M., Shaw, B.E., Thatcher, W.R., Weldon, R.J., Zeng, Y., 2015. Long-term time-dependent probabilities for the third Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF3). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105(2A), 511-543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140093
Folch, A., Mas-Pla, J., 2008. Hydrogeological interactions between fault zones and alluvial aquifers in regional flow systems. Hydrological Processes, 22(17), 3476-3487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6956
Fossen, H., Rotevatn, A., 2016. Fault linkage and relay structures in extensional settings—A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 154, 14-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.014
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., González-Lodeiro, F., Jabaloy, A., 1989. Progressive extensional shear structures in a detachment contact in the Western Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordilleras, Spain). Geodinamica Acta, 3(1), 73-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.1989.11105175
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., González-Lodeiro, F., Jabaloy, A., 1993. Stress and palaeostress in the Betic-Rif cordilleras (Miocene to the present). Tectonophysics, 227(1-4), 105-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90090-7
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Jabaloy, A., González-Lodeiro, F., Aldaya, F., 1997. Crustal structure of the central sector of the Betic
Cordillera (SE Spain). Tectonics, 16(1), 18-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC02359
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Jabaloy, A., Serrano, I., Morales, J., GonzálezLodeiro, F., Torcal, F., 1999. Recent and present-day stresses
in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordilleras): Example of a late Miocene-present-day extensional basin in a convergent plate boundary. Tectonics, 18(4), 686-702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/1999TC900016
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Gil, A.J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Lacy, M.C., García-Armenteros, J.A., Ruano, P., Ruiz, A.M., MartínezMartos, M., Alfaro, P., 2015. Active shallow extension in central and eastern Betic Cordillera from CGPS data. Tectonophysics, 663, 290-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.035
García-Aguilar, J.M., Martín, J.M., 2000. Late Neogene to recent continental history and evolution of the Guadix-Baza basin
(SE Spain). Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 13(1), 65-77.
García-Aguilar, J.M., Palmqvist, P., 2011. A model of lacustrine sedimentation for the Early Pleistocene deposits of Guadix-Baza basin (southeast Spain). Quaternary International, 243(1), 3-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.008
García-Dueñas, V., Balanyá, J.C., Martínez-Martínez, J.M., 1992. Miocene extensional detachments in the outcropping basement of the northern Alboran Basin (Betics) and their tectonic implications. Geo-Marine Letters, 12, 88-95. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02084917
García-García, F., Fernández, J., Viseras, C., Soria, J.M., 2006. Architecture and sedimentary facies evolution in a delta stack controlled by fault growth (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain, late Tortonian). Sedimentary Geology, 185(1-2), 79-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.10.010
García-Hernández, M., López-Garrido, A.C., Rivas, P., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Vera, J.A., 1980. Mesozoic palaeogeographic evolution of the External Zones of the Betic Cordillera. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 59(2), 155-168. ISSN: 0016-7746
García-Tortosa, F.J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Alfaro, P., GalindoZaldívar, J., Peláez, J.A., 2007. La falla y los pliegues de Galera. In: Sanz de Galdeano, C., Peláez, J.A. (eds.). La cuenca de Guadix-Baza: estructura, tectónica activa, sismicidad, geomorfología y dataciones existentes. Universidad de Granada, 141-153.
García Tortosa, F.J., Alfaro, P., Galindo Zaldívar, J., Gibert, L., López Garrido, A.C., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Ureña, M., 2008.
Geomorphologic evidence of the active Baza fault (Betic Cordillera, South Spain). Geomorphology, 97(3-4), 374-391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.007
García-Tortosa, F.J., Alfaro, P., Galindo Zaldívar, J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., 2011. Glacis geometry as a geomorphic marker of recent tectonics: the Guadix-Baza Basin (South Spain). Geomorphology, 125(4), 517-529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.021
Giba, M., Walsh, J.J., Nicol, A., 2012. Segmentation and growth of an obliquely reactivated normal fault. Journal of Structural
Geology, 39, 253-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.01.004
Gibert, L., Ortí, F., Rosell, L., 2007a. Plio-Pleistocene lacustrine evaporites of the Baza Basin (Betic Chain, SE Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 200(1-2), 89-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.03.003
Gibert, L., Scott, G., Martin, R., Gibert, J., 2007b. The Early to Middle Pleistocene boundary in the Baza Basin (Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(17-18), 2067-2089. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.012
Gil, A.J., Rodríguez-Caderot, G., Lacy, M.C., Ruiz, A.M., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Alfaro, P., 2002. Establishment of a NonPermanent GPS Network to Monitor the Recent NE-SW Deformation in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera, Southern
Spain). First Results from a non-permanent GPS network. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 46, 395-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019530716324
Goy, J.L., Zazo, C., Dabrio, C.J., Hoyos, M., Civis, J., 1989. Geomorfología y evolución dinámica del sector suroriental de la cuenca de Guadix–Baza (área Baza–Caniles). Trabajos sobre el Neógeno-Cuaternario, 11, 97-111. ISSN: 0210-5217
Grünthal, G., 1998. European Macroseismic Scale 1998. Luxembourg: Conseil de l’Europe, Cahiers du Centre Europèen de Gèodynamique et de Seismologie, 15, 100pp.
Guerra-Merchán, A., 1992. Origen y relleno sedimentario de la cuenca neógena del corredor del Almanzora y áreas limítrofes (Cordillera Bética). PhD Thesis. University of Granada, 237pp.
Guerra-Merchán, A., Ruíz-Bustos, A., Martín-Penela, A.J., 1991. Geología y fauna de los yacimientos de Colorado 1, Colorado
, Aljibe 2 y Aljibe 3 (Cuenca de Guadix-Baza, Cordilleras Béticas). Geogaceta, 9, 99-102.
Guerra-Merchán, A., Ruíz-Bustos, A., 1992. Nuevos datos bioestratigráficos de los materiales continentales del sector suroriental de la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza. El yacimiento de Caniles. Geogaceta, 11, 76-78. ISSN: 0213683X
Haberland, C., Giber, L., José Jurado, M., Stiller, M., BaumannWilke, M., Scott, G., Mertz, D.F., 2017. Architecture and tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the intramontane Baza Basin (Bétics, SE-Spain): Constraints from seismic imaging. Tectonophysics, 709, 69-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.03.022
Herraiz, M., De Vicente, G., Lindo-Ñaurapi, R., Giner, J., Simón, J.L., González-Casado, J., Vadillo, O., Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A.,
Cicuéndez, J.L., Casas, A., Cabañas, L., Rincón, P., Cortés, A. L., Ramírez Lucini, M., 2000. The recent (upper Miocene to
Quaternary) and present tectonic stress distributions in the Iberian Peninsula. Tectonics, 19(4), 762-786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2000TC900006
Iezzi, F., Mildon, Z., Walker, J.F., Roberts, G., Goodwall, H., Maxwell., W., Robertson., J., 2018. Coseismic Throw Variation Across Along-Strike Bends on Active Normal Faults: Implications for Displacement Versus Length Scaling of Earthquake Ruptures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123, 9817-9841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016732
IGN-UPM, 2013. Actualización de mapas de peligrosidad sísmica de España 2012. Madrid, Centro Nacional de Información
Geográfica, 267pp. ISBN: 978-84-416-2685-0
Jackson, C.A.L., Rotevatn, A., 2013. 3D seismic analysis of the structure and evolution of a salt-influenced normal fault zone:
A test of competing fault growth models. Journal of Structural Geology, 54, 215-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.06.012
Janecke, S.U., Vandenburg, C.J., Blankenau, J.J., 1998. Geometry, mechanisms and significance of extensional folds from examples in the Rocky Mountain Basin and Range province, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology, 20(7), 841-856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00016-9
Janecke, S.U., Dorsey, R.J., Forand, D., Steely, A.N., Kirby, S.M., Lutz, A.T., Housen, B.A., Belgarde, B., Langenheim, V.E., Rittenour, T.M., 2010. High geologic slip rates since Early Pleistocene initiation of the San Jacinto and San Felipe fault
zones in the San Andreas Fault System: Southern California, USA. The Geological Society of America Special Paper, 475, 48pp.
Kobayashi, T., Tobita, M., Koarai, M., Okatani, T., Suzuki, A., Noguchi, Y., Yamanaka, M., Miyahara, B., 2012. InSARderived crustal deformation and fault models of normal faulting earthquake (Mj 7.0) in the Fukushima-Hamadori area. Earth Planets Space, 64, 1209-1221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2012.08.015
Kurt, H., Sorlien, C.C., Seeber, L., Steckler, M.S., Shillington, D.J., Cifci, G., Cormier, M.H., Dessa, J.X., Atgin, O., Dondurur, D., Demirbag, E., Okay, S., Imren, C., Gurcay, S., Carton, H., 2013. Steady late Quaternary slip rate on the Cinarcik section of the North Anatolian fault near Istanbul, Turkey. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(17), 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50882
Legg, M.R., Goldfinger, C., Kamerling, M.J., Chaytor, J.D., Einstein, D.E., 2007. Morphology, structure and evolution of California Continental Borderland restraining bends. In: Cunningham, W.D., Mann, P. (eds.). Tectonics of StrikeSlip Restraining and Releasing Bends. London, Geological Society, 290 (Special Publications), 143-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP290.3
Leonard, M., 2010. Earthquake fault scaling: Self-consistent relating of rupture length, width, average displacement,
and moment release. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(5A), 1971-1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090189
Manzocchi, T., Childs, C., Walsh, J.J., 2010. Faults and fault properties in hydrocarbon flow models. Geofluids, 10(1-2), 94-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00283.x
Marcén, M., Román-Berdiel, T., Casas-Sainz, A.M., Soto, R., Oliva-Urcia, B., Castro, J., 2019. Strain variations in a seismogenic normal fault (Baza Sub-basin, Betic Chain): Insights from magnetic fabrics (AMS). Tectonophysics, 765, 64-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.05.014
Martín-Algarra, A., Andreo, B., Balany, J.C., Estévez, A., LópezGarrido, A.C., O’Dogherty, L., García-Dueñas, V., 2004. Unidades Frontales de las Zonas Internas. In: Vera, J.A. (ed.). Geología de España. Madrid, Sociedad Geológica de EspañaInstituto Geológico y Minero de España (SGE-IGME),, 396-401.
Martin-Rojas, I., Somma, R., Delgado, F., Estévez, A., Iannace, A., Perrone, V., Zamparelli, V., 2009. Triassic continental rifting
of Pangaea: direct evidence from the Alpujarride carbonates, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain. Journal of the Geological Society, 166(3), 447-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-091
Martin-Rojas, I., Somma, R., Delgado, F., Estévez, A., Iannace, A., Zamparelli, V., 2012. The Triassic platform of the Gador-Turon unit (Alpujarride complex, Betic Cordillera, southeast Spain): climate versus tectonic factors controlling platform architecture. Facies, 58, 297-323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-011-0275-z
Martínez-Martínez, J.M., Booth-Rea, G., Azañón, J.M., Torcal, F., 2006. Active transfer fault zone linking a segmented extensional system (Betics, southern Spain): Insight into heterogeneous extension driven by edge delamination. Tectonophysics, 422(1-4), 159-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.06.001
Martínez-Solares, J.M., Mezcua, J., 2002. Catálogo sísmico de la Península Ibérica (880 AC-1900). Madrid (Spain), Instituto
Geográfico Nacional (IGN), Monografía nº 18, 254pp.
Matthews, M.V., Ellsworth, W.L., Reasenberg, P.A., 2002. A Brownian model for recurrent earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(6), 2233-2250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010267
Medina-Cascales, I., Koch, L., Cardozo, N., Martin-Rojas, I., Alfaro, P., García-Tortosa, F.J., 2019. 3D geometry and architecture of a normal fault zone in poorly lithified sediments: A trench study on a strand of the Baza Fault, central Betic Cordillera, south Spain. Journal of Structural Geology, 121, 25-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.02.003
Mildon, Z.K., Toda, S., Faure Walker, J.P., Roberts, G.P., 2016. Evaluating models of Coulomb stress transfer: Is variable fault
geometry important? Geophysical Research Letters, 43(24), 12407-12414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071128
Mouslopoulou, V., Nicol, A., Little, T.A., Walsh, J.J., 2007. Displacement transfer between intersecting regional strikeslip and extensional fault systems. Journal of Structural Geology, 29(1), 100-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.08.002
Nocquet, J-M., 2012. Present-day kinematics of the Mediterranean: A comprehensive overview of GPS results. Tectonophysics, 579, 220-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.03.037
Olivera Serrano, C., 1995. La actividad sísmica en el reino de Granada (1487-1531): Estudio histórico y documentos. Madrid, Editorial Grafos 112pp.
Okada, Y., 1985. Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of
America, 75(4), 1135-1154.
Okada, Y., 1992. Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82(2), 1018-1040.
Orozco, M., Alonso-Chaves, F.M., 2002. Estructuras de colapso extensional en el Dominio de Alborán. In: Orozco, M. (ed.).
Región de La Axarquía-Sierra Tejeda (provincias de Málaga y Granada). XIV Reunión de la Comisión de Tectónica de la
Sociedad Geológica de España, Guía de Campo, Granada, 120pp. ISBN: 84-607-5712-9
Pace, B., Boncio, P., Lavecchia, G., 2002. The 1984 Abruzzo earthquake (Italy): an example of seismogenic process controlled by interaction between differently oriented synkinematic faults. Tectonophysics, 350(3), 237-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00118-X
ace, B., Visini, F., Peruzza, L., 2016. FiSH: MATLAB tools to turn fault data into Seismic-Hazard Models. Seismological Research Letters, 87(2A), 374-386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150189
Patel, J.K., Kapadia, C.H., Owen, D.B., 1976. Handbook of Statistical Distributions. New York, Marcel Dekker, 302pp.
Peacock, D.C.P., Anderson, M.W., 2012. The scaling of pull-aparts and implications for fluid flow in areas with strike-slip faults. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 35(4), 389-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.2012.00537.x
Peacock, D.C.P., Nixon, C.W., Rotevatn, A., Sanderson, D.J., Zuluaga, L.F., 2016. Glossary of fault and other fracture networks. Journal of Structural Geology, 92, 12-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.09.008
Peacock, D.C.P., Nixon, C.W., Rotevatn, A., Sanderson, D.J., Zuluaga, L.F., 2017a. Interacting faults. Journal of Structural Geology, 97, 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.02.008
Peacock, D.C.P., Dimmen, V., Rotevatn, A., Sanderson, D.J., 2017b. A broader classification of damage zones. Journal of Structural Geology, 102, 179-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.08.004
Pedrera, A., 2008. Structure and tectonic evolution of the Almanzora corridor and the western Huércal-Overa basin (Eastern Betic Cordillera). PhD Thesis. University of Granada, 201pp.
Pedrera, A., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., LópezGarrido, A.C., 2006. Superposición de fallas y paleoesfuerzos en
el Corredor del Almanzora desde el Tortoniense a la actualidad (Cordilleras Béticas). Geogaceta, 39, 59-62. ISSN: 0213683X
Pedrera, A., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Marín-Lechado, C., GarcíaTortosa, F.J., Ruano, P., López Garrido, A.C., Azañón, J.M., Peláez, J.A., Giaconia, F., 2012. Recent and active faults and folds in the central-eastern Internal Zones of the Betic Cordillera. Journal of Iberian Geology, 38(1), 191-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2012.v38.n1.39213
Peña, J., 1979. La depresión de Guadix–Baza: Estratigrafía del Plioceno–Pleistoceno. PhD Thesis. University of Granada, 179pp.
Peña, J.A., 1985. La depresión de Guadix-Baza. Estudios Geológicos, 41(1-2), 33-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.85411-2688
Peña, J.A., Rodríguez-Fernández, J., Ruiz-Bustos, A., 1977. El yacimiento de vertebrados de cortes de Baza I (Depresión de
Guadix-Baza). Nota preliminar. Acta Geológica Hispánica, XII, 42-45.
Pérez-Peña, V., Azañón, J.M., Azor, A., Tuccimei, P., Della Seta, M., Soligo, M., 2009. Quaternary landscape evolution and
erosion rates for an intramontane Neogene basin (Guadix–Baza basin, SE Spain). Geomorphology, 106(3-4), 206-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.10.018
Pérez-Peña, A., Martín-Dávila, J., Gárate, J., Berrocoso, M., Buforn, E., 2010. Velocity field and tectonic strain in Southern
Spain and surrounding areas derived from GPS episodic measurements. Journal of Geodynamics, 49(3-4), 232-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.01.015
Rice, J.R., Cocco, M., 2007. Seismic fault rheology and earthquake dynamics. In: Handy, M.R., Hirth, G., Hovious, N. (eds.). The Dynamics of Fault Zones. Cambridge, MIT Press, 99-137.
Rockwell, T., Ragona, D., Seitz, G., Langridge, R., Aksoy, M.E., Ucarkus, G., Ferry, M., Meltzner, A.J., Klinger, Y., Meghraoui, M., Satir, D., Barka, A., Akbalik, B., 2009. Palaeoseismology of the North Anatolian Fault near the Marmara Sea: implications for fault segmentation and seismic hazard. In: Reicherter, K., Michetti, A.M., Silva, P.G. (eds.). Palaeoseismology: Historical and Prehistorical Records of Earthquake Ground Effects for Seismic Hazard Assessment. London, Geological Society, 316 (Special Publications), 31-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP316.3
Ros-Montoya, S., Martínez-Navarro, B., Espigares, M.P., GuerraMerchán, A., García-Aguilar, J.M., Piñero, P., RodríguezRueda, A., Agustí, J., Oms, O., Palmqvist, P., 2017. A new Ruscinian site in Europe: Baza-1 (Baza basin, Andalusia, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 16(7), 746-761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2017.05.005
Ruiz, A.M., Ferhat, G., Alfaro, P., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Lacy, M.C., Rodríguez-Caderot, G., Gil, A.J., 2003. Geodetic Measurement of Crustal Deformation on NW-SE Faults of The Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain, 1999-2001. Journal of
Geodynamics, 35(3), 259-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(02)00134-5
Saltzer, S.D., Polland, D.D., 1992. Distinct element modelling of structures formed in sedimentary overburden by extensional reactivation of basement normal faults. Tectonics, 11(1), 165-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC02462
Sanz de Galdeano, C., Alfaro, P., 2004. Tectonic significance of the present relief of the Betic Cordillera. Geomorphology,
(3-4), 175-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.04.002
Sanz de Galdeano, C., García-Tortosa, F.J., Peláez, J.A., Alfaro, P., Azañón, J.M., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., López-Casado, C., LópezGarrido, A.C., Rodríguez-Fernández, J., Ruano, P., 2012. Main active faults in the Granada and Guadix-Baza Basins (Betic Cordillera). Journal of Iberian Geology, 38(1), 209-223. DOI: 10.5209/rev_JIGE.2012.v38.n1.39215
Sanz de Galdeano, C., Azañón, J.M., Cabral, J., Ruano, P., Alfaro, P., Canora, C., Ferrater, M., García-Tortosa, F., Mayordomo,
J., Gràcia, E., Insua-Arévalo, J.M., Jiménez, A., Lacan, P., Marín-Lechado, C., Martín-Banda, R., Martín-González, F., Martinez-Diaz, J.J., Martin-Rojas, I., Masana, E., Simón, J.L., 2020. Active Faults in Iberia. In: Quesada, C., Oliveira, J. (eds.). The Geology of Iberia: A Geodynamic Approach. Cham, Regional Geology Reviews, Springer, 33-75.
Scholz, C.H., 2002. The mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 487pp.
Scott, G.R., Gibert, L., 2009. The oldest hand-axes in Europe. Nature, 461, 82-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08214
Serpelloni, E., Vannucci, G., Pondrelli, S., Argnani, A., Casula, G., Anzidei, M., Balde, P., Gasperini, P., 2007. Kinematics of the Western Africa-Eurasia plate boundary from focal mechanisms and GPS data. Geophysical Journal International, 169(3), 1180-1200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03367.x
Soria, F.J., López-Garrido, A.C., Vera, J.A., 1987. Análisis estratigráfico y sedimentológico de los depósitos neógenocuaternarios en el sector de Orce (depresión de Guadix–Baza). Paleontologia i Evolució, Memòria Especial, 1, 11-34.
Sparacino, F., Palano, M., Peláez, J.A., Fernández, J., 2020. Geodetic Deformation versus Seismic Crustal Moment-Rates: Insights from the Ibero-Maghrebian Region. Remote Sensing, 12(6), 952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060952
Stich, D., Benito Martín, J., Morales, J., 2007. Deformación sísmica y asísmica en la zona Béticas-Rif-Alborán. Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 20(3-4), 311-319.
Stirling, M., Rhoades, D., Berryman, K., 2002. Comparison of Earthquake Scaling Relations Derived from Data of the Instrumental and Preinstrumental Era. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(2), 812-830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000221
Sun, J., Shen, Z., Xu, X., Bürgman, R., 2008. Synthetic normal faulting of the 9 January 2008 Nima (Tibet) earthquake from conventional and along-track SAR interferometry. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L22308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035691
Toda, S., Stein, R.S., Sevilgen, V., Lin, J., 2011 Coulomb 3.3 Graphic-rich deformation and stress-change software for earthquake, tectonic, and volcano research and teaching—user guide. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2011-1060,
pp. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1060/ Last accessed: 30/01/2020
Vera, J.A., 1970a. Facies del Plioceno de la Depresión de GuadixBaza. Cuadernos Geológicos de la Universidad de Granada,
, 23-25.
Vera, J.A., 1970b. Estudio estratigráfico de la Depresión de Guadix-Baza. Boletín del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, 81, 429-462.
Vera, J.A., Rodriguez, J., Guerra, A., Viseras, C., 1994. La Cuenca de Guadix-Baza. Documents et Travaux de l’ Institut géologique Albert de Lapparent, 14, 1-17.
Viseras, C.A., 1991. Estratigrafía y sedimentología del relleno aluvial de la cuenca de Guadix (Cordilleras Béticas). PhD Thesis. University of Granada, 327pp.
Wells, D.L., Coppersmith K.J., 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture
area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4), 974-1002.
Wesnousky, S.G., 1986. Earthquakes, quaternary faults, and seismic hazard in California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 91(B12), 12587-12631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB12p12587
Wesnousky, S.G., 2006. Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures. Nature, 444, 358-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05275
Wesnousky, S.G., 2008. Displacement and Geometrical Characteristics of Earthquake Surface Ruptures: Issues and Implications for Seismic-Hazard Analysis and the Process of Earthquake Rupture. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98(4), 1609-1632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120070111
Whipp, P.S., Jackson, C.A-L., Gawthorpe, R.L., Dreyer, T., Quinn, D., 2013. Normal fault array evolution above a reactivated rift fabric; a subsurface example from the northern Horda Platform, Norwegian North Sea. Basin Research, 26(4), 523-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12050
Wibberley, C.A.J., Gonzalez-Dunia, J., Billon, O., 2017. Faults as barriers or channels to production-related flow: Insights from case studies. Petroleum Geoscience, 23(1), 134-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2016-057
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Geologica Acta
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Geologica Acta is the property of the UB, GEO3BCN, IDAEA and UAB. Geologica Acta must be cited for any partial or full reproduction. Papers are distributed under the Attribution-Share Alike Creative Commons License. This license allows anyone to reproduce and disseminate the content of the journal and even make derivative works crediting authorship and provenance and distributing possible derivative works under the same or an equivalent license.
Author Rights
Authors retain the copyright on their papers and are authorized to post them on their own web pages or institutional repositories. The copyright was retained by the journal from the year 2003 until 2009. In all cases, the complete citation and a link to the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) of the article must be included.
The authors can use excerpts or reproduce illustrations of their papers in other works without prior permission from Geologica Acta provided the source of the paper including the complete citation is fully acknowledged.
