Developmental malformations of human tongue and associated syndromes (review)
Keywords:
developmental, malformations, defects, syndromes, tongueAbstract
The development of the tongue begins as known, in the floor of the primitive oral cavity, when the human embryo is four weeks old.
More specifically, the tongue develops from the region of the first three or four branchial arches during the period that the external face develops. Malformations of the tongue, are structural defects, present at birth and happening during embryogenesis. The most common malformations are:
1. Aglossia
2. Microglossia, which is always combined with other defects and syndromes, like Moëbius syndrome
3. Macroglossia, which is commonly associated with cretinism, Down’s syndrome, Hunter’s syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome and other types of mental retardation
4. Accesory tongue
5. Long tongue
6. Cleft or Bifid tongue, condition very usual in patients with the orodigitofacial syndrome
7. Glossitis Rhombica Mediana, a developmental malformation?
8. Lingual thyroid.
Malformations are extensively analysed and discussed.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
I hereby certify that the authors of the above manuscript have all:
1. Conceived, planned, and performed the work leading to the report, or interpreted the evidence presented, or both;
2. Written the report or reviewed successive versions and shared in their revisions; and
3. Approved the final version.
Further, I certify that:
1. This work has not been published elsewhere and is not under revision in another journal;
2. Humane procedures have been followed in the treatment of experimental animals (if applicable);
3. Investigations in humans was done in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation or with the Helsinki Declaration (if applicable).
4. This paper has been carefully read by a native English speaker who is familiar with the field of work (this applies to authors who are not fluent in English); and
5. The copyright of the article is transferred from the authors to the Bulletin du Groupement International pour la Recherche Scientifique en Stomatologie et Odontologie upon acceptance of the manuscript.
