Voice disguise and foreign accent: Prosodic aspects of English produced by Brazilian Portuguese speakers

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1344/efe-2023-32-195-226

Keywords:

voice disguise, foreign accent, prosodic-acoustic parameters

Abstract

This study aims to explore how much a speaker of English as a foreign language can mask one’s accent by performing voice disguise toward a native-like accent, and what implications it might bring forward. For the Methods, we conducted three experiments, (a) both the native and the foreign groups produced authentic voices, (b) the native group performed authentic voice and the foreign group performed disguised voice, and (c) a group of native listeners of English rated the degree of foreign accent from experiments a and b. The results showed evidence of correlation between the ratings and authentic voices. Nevertheless, they remained somewhat inconclusive for the disguised voice. It may be concluded that the more the Brazilian speaker approaches the L1-English target accent when voice disguising, the harder it is for the listener to recognize his/her L2-English accent.

References

Adams, C. (1979). English Speech Rhythm and the Foreign Learner. De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110879247

Adams, C., & Munro, R. (1978). In search of the acoustic correlates of stress: Fundamental fre-quency, amplitude and duration in the con-nected utterance of some native and non-native speakers of English. Phonetica, 35(3), 125–156. https://doi.org/10.1159/000259926

Alcaraz, J. (2023). The long-term average spec-trum in forensic phonetics: From collation to discrimination of speakers. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 32, 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1344/efe-2023-32-87-110

Amrhein, V., & Greenland, S. (2022). Rewriting results in the language of compatibility. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 37(7), 567–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.001

Andrews, E. (2019). Cognitive Neuroscience and Multilingualism. In J. W. Schwieter, & M. Paradis (Eds.), The Handbook of the Neuro-science of Multilingualism (pp. 19–47). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119387725.ch2

Barbosa, P. (2006). Incursões em torno do ritmo da fala. Pontes Editora.

Barbosa, P. (2020). ProsodyDescriptorExtrator (Version 2.0) [Praat script]. GitHub. https://github.com/pabarbosa/prosody-scripts

Best, C. (1995). A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception. In W. Strange (Ed), Speech perception and linguistic experi-ence: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 171–204). New York Press.

Best, C., & Tyler, M. (2007). Nonnative and sec-ond-language speech perception: Commonali-ties and complementarities. In O.-S. Bohn, & M. Munro (Eds.), Language experience in second language speech learning: In honor of James Emil Flege (pp. 13–34). John Benja-mins. https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.17

Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (1992–2021). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 6.1.38) [Computer program]. http://www.praat.org/

Brescancini, C., & Gonçalves, C. (2020). O peso da evidência sociofonética na perícia da com-paração de locutor. In P. Barbosa (Ed.), Análise fonético-forense: Em tarefa de com-paração de locutor (pp. 67–87). Millennium Editora.

Brouwer, S. (2019). The role of foreign accent and short-term exposure in speech-in-speech recognition. Attention, Perception, & Psycho-physics, 81, 2053–2062. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01767-8

Busch, M., & Turner, J. (1993). Using Likert scales in L2 research. TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 736–739. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587408

Carroll, D. W. (1994). Psychology of language (2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub.

Chin, W. W. (1998). Issues and opinion on struc-tural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii–xvi. http://www.jstor.org/stable/249674

Clark, J., & Foulkes, P. (2007). Identification of voices in electronically disguised speech. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 14(2), 195–221. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v14i2.195

Cohen, J. (1992). A Power Primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155

Council of Europe (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Press Syndi-cate of the University of Cambridge.

Costa, A. (2017). El cerebro bilingüe: La neuro-ciencia del lenguaje. Penguin Randon House.

Das, A., Zao, G., Levis, J., Chukharev-Hudilainen, E., & Gutierrez-Osuna, R. (2020). Understanding the effect of voice quality and accent on talker similarity. In H. Meng, B. Xu, & T. Zheng (Eds.), Proceedings of Interspeech 2020, 1763–1767. International Speech Communication Association. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2020-2910

De Marco, A. (2020). Teaching the prosody of emotive communication in a second language. In C. Savvidou (Ed.), Second language acqui-sition: Pedagogies, practices and perspectives (pp. 1–18). IntechOpen. http://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87210

Derwing, T., & Munro, M. (2009). Putting accent in its place: Rethinking obstacles to communi-cation. Language Teaching, 42(4), 476–490. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026144480800551X

Duarte, M., & Silva Jr., L. (2020). A oclusiva glotal e outros gestos laríngeos na produção de falantes de inglês como L1 e L2. Palimp-sesto, 19(34), 241–265. https://doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2020.54117

Endres, W., Bambach, W., & Flösser, G. (1971). Voice spectrograms as a function of age, voice disguise and voice imitation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49(6B), 1842–1848. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1912589

ENFSI [European Network of Forensic Science Institutes]. (2021). Best practice manual for the methodology of forensic speaker compari-son (ENFSI-BPM-FSC-01, vs. 01). https://enfsi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021-07-07-final-draft-BPM-SPEAKER-COMPARISON.pdf.

Engelbert, A. P. P. F. (2014). Cross-linguistic effects on voice quality: A study on Brazili-ans’ production of Portuguese and English. Concordia Working Papers in Applied Lin-guistics, 5 [Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Lan-guage Speech], 157–170. URL: http://doe.concordia.ca/copal/documents/13_Engelbert_Vol5.pdf

Eriksson, A. (2005, September 4-8). Tutorial on forensic speech science. Part I: Forensic pho-netics [Conference presentation]. Interspeech 2005 – Eurospeech (9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology), Lisbon, Portugal. International Speech Com-munication Association.

Eriksson, A. (2010). The disguised voice: Imitat-ing accents or speech styles and impersonating individuals. In C. Llamas, & D. Watt (Eds.), Language and identities (pp. 86–96). Edin-burgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748635788

Eriksson, A., & Wretling, P. (1997). How flexi-ble is the human voice? A case study of mim-icry. In G. Kokkinakis (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1997) (pp. 1043–1046). International Speech Communication Association. https://doi.org/10.21437/Eurospeech.1997-363

Esling, J., Moisik, S., Benner, A., & Crevier-Buchman, L. (2019). Voice quality: The laryn-geal articulator model. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108696555

Farrús, M. (2018). Voice Disguise in Automatic Speaker Recognition. ACM Computing Sur-veys, 51(4), Article 68. https://doi.org/10.1145/3195832

Farrús, M., Wagner, M., Anguita, J., & Hernan-do, J. (2008). Robustness of prosodic features to voice imitation. In D. Burnham (Ed.), Pro-ceedings of Interspeech 2008 (pp. 613–616). International Speech Communication Associa-tion. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2008-196

Fernández-Trinidad, M. (2022). Hacia la aplica-bilidad de la cualidad de la voz en fonética judicial. Loquens, 9(1–2), Article e093. https://doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2022.e093

Fletcher, J. (2010). The prosody of speech timing and rhythm. In W. Hardcastle, J. Laver, & F. Gibbon (Eds.), The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed., pp. 523–602). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444317251.ch1

Foulkes, P., Scobbie, J., & Watt, D. (2010). So-ciophonetics. In W. Hardcastle, J. Laver, & F. Gibbon (Eds.), The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed, pp. 703–759). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444317251.ch19

Fraile, R., & Godino-Llorente, J. (2014). Cepstral peak prominence: A comprehensive analysis. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 14, 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2014.07.001

Fuchs, R. (2016). Speech rhythm in varieties of English: Evidence from educated Indian Eng-lish and British English. Springer Science Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47818-9

Garellek, M., & Keating, P. (2011). The acoustic consequences of phonation and tone interac-tions in Jalapa Mazatec. Journal of the Inter-national Phonetic Association, 41(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100311000193

Garrett, R. (2013). Cepstral- and spectral- based acoustic measures of normal voices [Master dissertation, The University of Wisconsin]. UWM Digital Commons. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/217

Golestani, N., & Pallier, C (2007). Anatomical correlates of foreign speech sound production. Cerebral Cortex, 17(4), 929–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl003

Gonzales, A. R., Ishihara, S., & Tsurutani, C. (2013). Perception modeling of native and foreign-accented Japanese speech based on prosodic features of pitch accent [Meeting ab-stract]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133(5_Supplement), 3572. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4806547

Great Big Story (2018, August 2). Meet the epic voice behind movie trailers [Video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6N5l0sgPP5k

Greenland, S. (2019). Valid p-values behave ex-actly as they should: some misleading criti-cisms of p-values and their resolution with s-values. The American Statistician, 73(Sup1), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1529625

Grosjean, F., & Li, P. (2013). The Psycholinguis-tics of Bilingualism. Wiley Blackwell.

Gut, U. (2012). Rhythm in L2 speech. Speech and Language Technology, 14–15, 83–94.

Harrington, J. (2010). The Phonetic Analysis of Speech Corpora. Wiley Blackwell.

He, L. (2017). Speaker idiosyncratic intensity variability in the speech signal [Doctoral dis-sertation, University of Zurich]. Green Open Access. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-145283

He, L., Ulrike, G., & Volker, D. (2015). Compar-isons of speaker recognition strengths using suprasegmental duration and intensity varia-bility: An artificial neural networks approach. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Article 395). The International Phonetic Association.

Heldner, M. (2001). Spectral Emphasis as an Additional Source of Information in Accent Detection. Proceedings of ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop (ITRW) on Prosody in Speech Recognition and Understanding (Paper 10). International Speech Communication As-sociation.

Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. Sinkovics, & P. Ghauri (Eds.), New challenges to interna-tional marketing (pp. 277–320). Emerald Pub-lishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014

Hernandez, A. (2012) The Bilingual Brain. Ox-ford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828111.001.0001

Hollien, H., & Majewksi, W. (1977). Speaker identification by long-term spectra under normal and distorted speech conditions. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62(4), 975–980. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381592

Hughes, V., & Wormald, J. (2017) Assessing typicality in forensic voice comparison: How can sociophonetics help? (and how can socio-phonetics benefit?) [Conference presentation]. Innovative Methods in Sociophonetics II Workshop, 4th Workshop on Sound Change, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Idemaru, K., Wei, P., & Gubbins, L. (2018). Acoustic sources of accent in second language Japanese speech. Language and Speech, 62(2), 333–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830918773118

Jackson, C. N., & O’Brien, M. G. (2011). The interaction between prosody and meaning in second language speech production. Die Un-terrichtspraxis / Teaching German, 44(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1221.2011.00087.x

Järvinen, K. (2017). Voice characteristics in speaking a foreign language: A study of voice in Finnish and English as L1 and L2 (Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis; No. 1776). Tampere University Press. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-0424-9

Järvinen, K., & Laukkanen, A.-M. (2015). Vocal loading in speaking a foreign language. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 67(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381183

Järvinen, K., Laukkanen, A.-M., & Geneid, A. (2017). Voice quality in native and foreign languages investigated by inverse filtering and perceptual analyses. Journal of Voice, 31(2), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.05.003

Kapolowicz, M. R., Montazeri, V., & Assmann, P. F. (2016). The role of spectral resolution in foreign-accented speech perception. In N. Morgan (Ed.), Proceedings of Interspeech 2016, 3289–3293. International Speech Communication Association. http://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2016-1585

Kaur, H., & Kaur, R. (2021). Identification and comparison of disguised voices with the genu-ine voices under various circumstances using spectrographically analysis: A review study. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Applications (IJATCA), 8(1), 54–58.

Keating, P., & Esposito, C. (2007). Linguistic Voice Quality. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 105, 85–91.

Keating, P., Garellek, M., & Kreiman, J. (2015). Acoustic properties of different kinds of creaky voice. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th In-ternational Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Ar-ticle 821). The International Phonetic Associa-tion.

Krivokapic, J. (2012). Prosodic planning in speech production. In S. Fuchs, M. Weihrich, D. Pape, & P. Perrier (Eds.), Speech planning and dynamics (pp. 157–190). Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-01438-9

Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (2008). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Wiley Blackwell. (Original work published 1996).

Laver, J. (1980). The phonetic description of voice quality. Cambridge University Press.

Laver, J. (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cam-bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166621

Leemann, A., & Kolly, M. (2015). Speaker-invariant suprasegmental temporal features in normal and disguised speech. Speech Com-munication, 75, 97–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2015.10.002

Levis, J. (2018). Intelligibility, oral communica-tion, and the teaching of pronunciation. Cam-bridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108241564

Loukina, A., Kochanski, G., Shih, C., Keane, E., & Watson, I. (2009). Rhythm measures with language-independent segmentation. In R. Moore (Ed.), Proceedings of the Interspeech 2009, 1531–1534. International Speech Communication Association. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2009-464

Magen, H. (1998). The perception of foreign-accented speech. Journal of Phonetics, 26, 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1998.0081

Maryn, Y. (2010). Acoustic measurement of overall voice quality in sustained vowels and continuous speech [Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University]. Ghent University. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-888156

Masthoff, H. (1996). A report on a voice disguise experiment. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 3(1), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v3i1.160

McCullough, E. (2013). Acoustic correlates of perceived foreign accent in non-native English (Document No. osu1374052897) [Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University]. Ohi-oLINK and Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374052897

Mennen, I., Schaeffer, F., & Docherty, G. (2011). Cross-language difference in f0 range: A comparative study of English and German. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Amer-ica, 131(3), 2249–2260. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3681950

Modesto, F. (2019). Acoustic analysis of lexical stress in English by Brazilian Portuguese speakers, and inferences of production and perception [Master dissertation, Universidade Estadual de Campinas]. Repositório da produção científica e intelectual da UNI-CAMP. https://doi.org/10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2019.1083121

Moksony, F. (1999). Small is beautiful. The use and interpretation of R2 in social research. Szociológiai Szemle, Special issue, 130–138.

Munro, M. (1999). The role of speaking rate in the perception of L2 speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America [Meeting abstract], 105, 1032. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.424931

Munro, M. (2003). A primer on accent discrimi-nation in the Canadian Context. TESL Cana-dian Journal, 20(2), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v20i2.947

Munro, M. (2018). Dimensions of pronunciation. In O. Kang, R., Thomson, & J. Murphy. The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Eng-lish Pronunciation (pp. 413–431). Routledge.

Munro, M., & Derwing, T. (1995). Foreign ac-cent, comprehensibility and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Lan-guage Learning, 45(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00963.x

Munro, M., & Derwing, T. (2001). Modeling perceptions of the accentedness and compre-hensibility of L2 speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(4), 451–468. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263101004016

Munro, M., & Derwing, T. (2020). Foreign ac-cent, comprehensibility and intelligibility, re-dux. Journal of Second Language Pronuncia-tion, 6(3), 283–309. https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.20038.mun

Neuhauser, S. (2008). Voice disguise using a foreign accent: Phonetic and linguistic varia-tion. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 15(2), 131–159. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v15i2.131

Neuhauser, S. (2011). Variation of glottal activi-ty in French accent imitation produced by na-tive Germans. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 18(2), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v18i2.207

Neuhauser, S., & Simpson, A. P. (2007). Imitat-ed or authentic? Listeners’ judgments of for-eign accents. In W. Barry (Ed.), Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 1805–1808). International Pho-netic Association.

Niebuhr, O., Skarnitzl, R., & Tylečková, L. (2018). The acoustic fingerprint of a charis-matic voice: Initial evidence from correlations between long-term spectral features and lis-tener ratings. In K. Klessa, J. Bachan, A. Wagner, M. Karpiński, & D. Śledziński (Eds.), Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2018 (pp. 359–363). International Speech Commu-nication Association. https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2018-73

Nolan, F. (2009). The phonetic bases of speaker recognition. Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1983)

Nooteboom, S. (1997). The prosody of speech: Melody and rhythm. In W. Hardcastle and J. Laver (Eds.), The Handbook of Phonetic Sci-ences (1st ed., pp. 640–673). Wiley-Blackwell.

Ortega-Llebaria, M., Silva Jr., L., & Nagao, J. (2023). Macro and micro-rhythm in L2 Eng-lish: Exploration and refinement of measures. In R. Skarnitzl, & J. Volín (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 1582–1586). Guarant Interna-tional.

Pellegrino, E., He, L., & Dellwo, V. (2021). Age-related rhythmic variations: The role of sylla-ble intensity variability. Travaux Neuchâtelois de Linguistique, 74, 167–185. https://doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2021.2924

Perrot, P., Aversano, G., & Chollet, G., (2007). Voice disguise and automatic detection: Re-view and perspectives. In Y. Stylianou, M. Faúndez-Zanuy, & A. Esposito (Eds.), Pro-gress in Nonlinear Speech Processing. (pp. 101–117). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71505-4_7

Procter, T. (2019). Acoustic analysis of the voice in native and non-native English speakers [Master dissertation, University of Houston]. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. https://hdl.handle.net/10657/4651

Purpura, J. (2009). The Oxford Online Placement Test: What does it measure and how? Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordenglishtesting.com/

Ramus, F., Nespor, M., & Mehler, J. (1999). Cor-relates of linguistic rhythm in the speech sig-nal. Cognition, 73(1), 265–292. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027700001013

Reed, M., & Michaud, C. (2015). Intonation in research and practice: The importance of met-acognition. In M. Reed, & J. Levis (Eds.), The Handbook of English Pronunciation (pp. 454–470). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118346952.ch25

Rojczyk, A. (2010). Temporal and spectral pa-rameters in perception of the voicing contrast in English and Polish. Wydawnictwo Uniwer-sytetu Śląskiego.

Rojczyk. A. (2015). Using FL Accent imitation in L1 in foreign-language speech research. In E. Waniek-Klimczak, & M. Pawlak (Eds.). Teaching and researching the pronunciation of English (pp. 223–233). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11092-9_14

Rose, P. (2002). Forensic Speaker Identification. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203166369

San Segundo, E. (2014). Forensic speaker com-parison of Spanish twins and non-twin sib-lings: A phonetic-acoustic analysis of formant trajectories in vocalic sequences, glottal source parameters and cepstral characteristics [Doc-toral dissertation, Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo & Centro Superior de In-vestigaciones Científicas]. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcm9293

San Segundo, E. (2021). International survey on voice quality: Forensic practitioners versus voice therapists. Estudios de Fonética Experi-mental, 30, 9–34. https://raco.cat/index.php/EFE/article/view/396210

San Segundo, E., Univaso, P., & Gurlekian, J. (2019). Sistema multiparamétrico para la com-paración forense de hablantes. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 28, 13–45. https://raco.cat/index.php/EFE/article/view/365395

Schiller, N., & Koster, O. (1996). Evaluation of a foreign speaker in forensic phonetics: A re-port. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 3(1), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v3i1.176

Silva Jr., L. (2023). BeatMaker: A computational system for foreign language pronunciation teaching based on speech prosody. Revista Novas Tecnologias Na Educação, 21(1), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-1916.134363

Silva, C., & Arantes, P. (2021). Quantitative analysis of fundamental frequency in Spanish (L2) and Brazilian Portuguese (L1): Evidence of learning and language attrition. Journal of Speech Sciences, 10, Article e021003. https://doi.org/10.20396/joss.v10i00.15779

Silva Jr., L., & Barbosa, P. (2019). Speech rhythm of English as L2: An investigation of prosodic variables on the production of Brazil-ian Portuguese speakers. Journal of Speech Sciences, 8(2), 37–57. https://doi.org/10.20396/joss.v8i2.14996

Silva Jr., L., & Barbosa, P. (2021). Efeitos da prosódia de L2 no ensino de pronúncia e na comunicação oral. Prolíngua, 16(1), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1983-9979.2021v16n1.58725

Silva Jr., L., & Barbosa, P. (2022). Foreign ac-cent and L2 speech rhythm of English: A pilot study based on metric and prosodic parame-ters. Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Prosódia, 2, 41–50.

Southwood, M., & Flege, J. (1999). Scaling for-eign accent: Direct magnitude estimation ver-sus interval scaling. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 13(5), 335–349. http://doi.org/0.1080/026992099299013

Teixeira, L., & Lima Jr., R. (2021). Análise do desenvolvimento do ritmo do inglês-L2 por brasileiros por meio de três métricas rítmicas. Revista X, 16(5), 1258–1292. http://doi.org/10.5380/rvx.v16i5.81413

Thomas, E. (2011). Sociophonetics: An introduc-tion. Palgrave Macmillan.

Tjaden, K., Sussman, J., Liu, G., & Wilding, G. (2010). Long-Term Average Spectral (LTAS) measures of dysarthria and their relationship to perceived severity. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 18(4), 125–132.

Tremblay, A., Broersma, M., Coughlin, C., & Choi, J. (2016). Effects of the native language on the learning of fundamental frequency in second-language speech segmentation. Fron-tiers in Psychology, 29(7), Article 985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00985

Urbani, M. (2012). Pitch range in L1/L2 English: An analysis of F0 using LTD and linguistic measures. In M. Busà, & A. Stella (Eds.), Methodological Perspectives on L2 Prosody (pp. 79–83). Cooperativa Libraria Editrice Università di Padova.

Wen, Z. (2019). Working memory as language aptitude: The phonological/executive model. In Z. Wen, P. Skehan, A. Biedroń, S. Li, & R. L. Sparks (Eds.), Language aptitude: Advanc-ing theory, testing, research and practice (pp. 187–214). Routledge.

Wrembel, M. (2007). The impact of voice quality resetting on the perception of a foreign accent in third language acquisition. In A. S. Rauber, M. A. Watkins, & B. O. Baptista (Eds.), New Sounds 2007: Proceedings of the Fifth Interna-tional Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech (pp. 481–491). Federal University of Santa Catarina.

Zheng, L., Li, J., Sun, M., Zhang, X., & Zheng, T. (2020). When automatic voice disguise meets automatic speaker verification. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 16, 824–837. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2020.3023818

Downloads

Published

2023-11-28

How to Cite

Silva Jr., L., & A. Barbosa, P. (2023). Voice disguise and foreign accent: Prosodic aspects of English produced by Brazilian Portuguese speakers. Journal of Experimental Phonetics, 32, 195–226. https://doi.org/10.1344/efe-2023-32-195-226

Issue

Section

Articles