Element behaviour during combustion in coal-fired Orhaneli power plant, Bursa-Turkey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000000345Keywords:
Trace elements, Feed coal, Fly ash, Bottom ash, Orhaneli-TurkeyAbstract
This study focuses on element behaviour during combustion in the Orhaneli thermal power plant (a 210 MW unit, Bursa-Turkey). A total of 51 samples, feed coals (FCs), fly ashes (FAs) and bottom ashes (BAs), which were systematically collected over an eight-week period, have been analysed for major, minor and trace elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, S, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr and REEs). This study shows that FCs on an airdried basis have high moisture (av. 9%), high volatile matter (av. 33%), very high ash yield (av. 53%), relatively high sulfur content (av. 2.14%) and low gross calorific value (av. 1775 kcal/kg). Proximate analyses of combustion residues imply that BAs have higher contents of unburned carbonaceous matter than FAs. Mean values of trace element concentrations in FCs fall within the ranges of most world coals, except for Cr, Cs, Ni and U which occur in concentrations slightly higher than those determined for most of world coals. Some elements such as S, Hg, As, B, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, K, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, and Zn are indicating enrichments in FAs. The remaining elements investigated in this study have no clear segregation between FAs and BAs. The mass balance calculations point to Ca content of feed coal controlling the partitioning of elements in this power plant, producing a high removal efficiency for highly volatile elements such as Hg, B and Se, and a high retention of As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Tl and Zn in FAs. However, the high enrichment in trace elements of FAs can increase the hazardous potential of this coal by-product.
References
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1991. Annual book of ASTM standards. Section 5: Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels. 5.05: Gaseous Fuels: Coal and Coke.
Boyd, R.J., 2002. The partitioning behaviour of boron from tourmaline during ashing of coal. International Journal of Coal Geology, 53, 43-54.
Clarke, L., 1991. The Behaviour of Trace Elements during Coal Combustion and Gasification: An Overview. Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants: State of the Art, 150 pp.
Clarke, L.B., Sloss, L.L., 1992. Trace elements emissions from coal combustion and gasification. International Energy Agency Coal Research, IEACR, 49, 111 pp.
Clemens, A.H., Damiano, L.F., Gong, D., Matheson, T.W., 1999. Partitioning of some toxic volatile elements during stoker and fluidised bed combustion of alkaline sub-bituminous coal. Fuel, 78, 1379-1385.
Egorov, A., Laktionova, N., Popinako, N., Novosselova, I., 1979. Behaviour of some trace elements in coal during burning at TPS. Toploenergetika 2, 22-25, (in Russian).
Emre, H., 1986. Geology and petrology of Orhaneli ophiolite. Doctoral thesis. Istanbul University, 165 pp., (in Turkish).
Energy Report, 2004. Turkey Energy Statistics. World Energy Council, Turkish National Committee, Ankara.
Esenlik, S., 2005. Mineralogy, petrography and elemental contents of feed coals and combustion residues from Orhaneli thermal power plant, Bursa - Turkey. MSc thesis. Hacettepe University, 121 pp., (in Turkish).
Finkelman, R.B., 1994. Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: Level of confidence. Fuel Processing Technology, 39, 21-34.
Finkelman, R.B., Gross, P.M.K., 1999. The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal. International Journal of Coal Geology, 40, 91-101.
Gokmen, V., Memikoglu, O., Dagli, M., Oz, D., Tuncali, E., 1993. Turkish Lignite Inventory. Ankara, Turkey, MTA Publication, 356 pp., (in Turkish). Goodarzi, F., 1988. Elemental distribution in coal seams at the Fording coal mine, British Columbia, Canada. Chemical Geology, 68, 129-154.
Goodarzi, F., Reyes, J, Schulz, J., Hollman, D., Rose, D., 2006. Parameters influencing the variation in mercury emissions from an Alberta power plant burning high inertinite coal over thirty-eight weeks period. International Journal of Coal Geology, 65, 26-34.
Gordon, G.E., Zoller, W.H., 1973. Normalization and interpretation of atmospheric trace element concentration patterns. 1st Annual National Science Foundation (NSF) Trace Contaminants Conference. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Proceedings, CONF-730802, 314-325.
Gullit, B.K., Ghorishi, B., Huggins, F.E., 1999. Mercury chloride capture by alkaliner sorbents. Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association 93rd Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Paper 259.
Karayigit, A.I., Gayer, R.A., Querol, X., Onacak, T., 2000. Contents of major and trace elements in feed coals from Turkish coal-fired power plants. International Journal of Coal Geology, 44, 169-184.
Karayigit, A.I., Bulut, Y., Karayigit, G., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Vassilev, S., Vassileva, C., in press. Mass balance of major and trace elements in coal-fired Soma power plant, ManisaTurkey. Energy Sources.
Li, Z., Clemens, A.H., Moore, T.A., Gong, D., Weaver, S.D., Eby, N., 2005. Partitioning behaviour of trace elements in a stokerfired combustion unit: An example using bituminous coals from the Greymouth coalfield (Cretaceous), New Zealand. International Journal of Coal Geology, 63, 1-2, 98-116.
Meij, R., 1992. Elemental Analysis of Coal and its By-Products. International conference proceedings, Kentucky, USA, 1991, p. 299.
Meij, R., Winkel, H., 2003. Mercury emissions from coal-fired power station, firing bituminous coal, as a function of plant parameters, coal composition and co-combustion. International Conference on Air quality IV (Mercury, Trace elements and particulate Matter), Arlington, VA, USA, Proceedings, Meij, R., Winkel, H., in press. Mercury emissions from coalfired power stations: The current state of the art in the Netherlands. Science of the Total Environment.
Memikoglu, O., Engin, O., Has, F., Isiganer, T., 1976. Bursa Orhaneli coalfield feasibility research. MTA report, 19 pp., (in Turkish).
Moreno, N., Querol, X., Lopez-Soler, A., Andrés, J.M., Janssen, M., Nugteren, H., Towler, M., Stanton, K., 2004. Determining suitability of fly ash for silica extraction and zeolitite synthesis. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 79, 1009-1018.
Mukhopadhyay, P.K., Goodarzi, F., Crandlemire, A.L., Gillis, K.S., MacNeil, D.J., Smith, W.D., 1998. Comparison of coal composition and elemental distribution in selected seams of the Sydney and Stellarton Basins, Nova Scotia, Eastern Canada. International Journal of Coal Geology, 37, 113-141.
Ozkocak, O., 1969. Étude Géologique Du Massif Ultrabasique d’Orhaneli Et De Sa Proche Bordure (Bursa-Turquie). Doctoral thesis. Université de Paris, Querol, X., Fernandez-Turiel, J.L., Lopez-Soler, A., 1995. Trace elements in coal and their behaviour during combustion in a large power station. Fuel, 74, 331-343.
Querol, X., Whateley, M.K.G., Fernández-Turiel, J.L., Tuncali, E., 1997. Geological controls on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the Beypazari lignite, central Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 33, 255-271.
Spears, D.A., Zheng, Y., 1999. Geochemistry and origin of elements in some UK coals. International Journal of Coal Geology, 38, 161-179.
Swaine, D., 1990. Trace elements in coal. London, Butherworths, 296 pp.
Tanriverdi, H., 2001. Planning TKI Orhaneli open pit lignite field. MSc thesis. Istanbul University, 159 pp., (in Turkish).
Vassilev, S.V., Vassileva, C.G., 1996. Mineralogy of combustion wastes from coal-fired power stations. Fuel Processing Technology, 47, 261-280.
Vassilev, S., Eskenazy, G., Vassileva, C., 2001. Behaviour of elements and minerals during preparation and combustion of the Pernik coal, Bulgaria. Fuel Processing Technology, 72, 103-129.
Vassilev, S., Vassileva, C., Karayigit, A.I., Bulut, Y., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., 2005. Phase-mineral and chemical composition of composite samples from feed coals, bottom ashes and fly ashes at the Soma power station, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 61, 35-63.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Geologica Acta is the property of the UB, GEO3BCN, IDAEA and UAB. Geologica Acta must be cited for any partial or full reproduction. Papers are distributed under the Attribution-Share Alike Creative Commons License. This license allows anyone to reproduce and disseminate the content of the journal and even make derivative works crediting authorship and provenance and distributing possible derivative works under the same or an equivalent license.
Author Rights
Authors retain the copyright on their papers and are authorized to post them on their own web pages or institutional repositories. The copyright was retained by the journal from the year 2003 until 2009. In all cases, the complete citation and a link to the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) of the article must be included.
The authors can use excerpts or reproduce illustrations of their papers in other works without prior permission from Geologica Acta provided the source of the paper including the complete citation is fully acknowledged.
