Paleomagnetism of the Carboniferous-Permian Patquía Formation, Paganzo basin, Argentina: implications for the apparent polar wander path for South America and Gondwana during the Late Palaeozoic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001578Keywords:
Red beds, Paleomagnetism, Magnetic remanence, Apparent polar wanderAbstract
The magnetic properties of the Carboniferous-Permian red beds of the Patquía Formation at Punta del Viento, Sierra de Umango and some previously reported localities, all in the Paganzo Basin (Argentina), have been studied. Whereas all sites are characterized by hematite as the main magnetic carrier and a reversed-polarity magnetic remanence, we found a pattern of variation in magnetic properties along the integrated column for Patquía Formation. The Lower Member (Late Carboniferous) showed higher intensity of natural and saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation (NRM and SIRM, respectively) than the Permian Upper Member. The fall in NRM intensity from the Lower to Upper Member of the Patquía Formation may be related to a change in quantity and/ or grain-size of the hematite pigment, which may reflect the change in environmental and/or depositional setting. As for directional values of NRM, paleomagnetic poles reported for both sections are clearly different. The lower section provided a pole position coincident with Late Carboniferous poles for Gondwana, while the upper section poles are departed from the Early Permian position. We cannot decide whether the Upper Member pole is due to a primary magnetisation at 290 Ma or to a remagnetisation at ~260-270 Ma; even so, the obtained paleomagnetic pole is robust and indicates a rapid apparent polar wander in a ~30o counter clockwise rotation of the region, after deposition of the Late Carboniferous lower section, and in coincidence with the San Rafael Orogenic Phase.
References
Aceñolaza, F.G., Toselli, A.J., 1981. Geología del Noroeste Argentino. San Miguel de Tucumán, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 1287(Special Publication), 212pp.
Azcuy, C.L., Morelli, J.R., 1970. Geología de la comarca Paganzo-Amaná. El Grupo Paganzo. Formaciones que lo componen y sus relaciones. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 25(4), 405-429.
Azcuy, C.L., Andreis, R.R., Cuerda, A., Hünicken, M.A., Pensa, M.V., Valencio, D.A., Vilas, J.F., 1987. Cuenca Paganzo. In: Archangelsky, S. (ed.). El Sistema Carbonífero en la República Argentina. Córdoba, Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 41-99.
Azcuy, C.L., Carrizo, H.A., Caminos, R., 1999. Carbonífero y Pérmico de las Sierras Pampeanas, Famatina, Precordillera, Cordillera Frontal y Bloque de San Rafael. In: Caminos, R. (ed.). Geología Argentina, Buenos Aires, Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, 29(12, Anales), 261-318.
Bodenbenber, G., 1911. Constitución geológica de la parte meridional de La Rioja y regiones limítrofes, República Argentina. Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 19(1), 5-220.
Brandt, D., Ernesto, M., Rocha Campos, A.C., dos Santos, P.R., 2009. Paleomagnetism of the Santa Fé Group, central Brazil: implications for the late Paleozoic apparent polar wander path for South America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, B02101, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005735.
Buchan, K., Chandler, F., 1999. Paleomagnetism of the Distal Member of the New Glasgow Formation, Nova Scotia, Canada: new constraints on magnetic polarity stratigraphy near the base of the Kiaman Superchron. The Journal of Geology, 107, 271-286.
Buggisch, W., Bachtadse, V., Von Gosen, W., 1993. The Middle Carboniferous glaciation of the Argentine Precordillera (San Juan, Mendoza) - new data to basin evolution and palaeomagnetism. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil I H1/2, 287-307.
Caselli, A.T., 1998. Estratigrafía y sedimentología de las Formaciones Patquía (Pérmico) y Talampaya (Triásico Inferior), en las Sierras Pampeanas Noroccidentales y Precordillera Central (Provincias de La Rioja y San Juan). Doctoral Thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, 437pp.
Caselli, A.T., Limarino, C.O., 2002. Sedimentología y evolución paleoambiental de la Formación Patquía (Pérmico) en el extremo sur de la sierra de Maz y cerro Bola, provincia de La Rioja, Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 57(4), 415-436.
Caselli, A.T., Limarino, C.O., Castro, L.N., 1997. Hallazgo de concreciones con micas vanadiníferas en sedimentitas de la Formación Patquía (Pérmico), sierra de Maz, Provincia de La Rioja. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 52(2), 223-227.
Dankers, P.H.M., 1978. Magnetic properties of dispersed natural iron-oxides of known grain-size. Doctoral Thesis. University of Utrecht, 143pp.
De Kock, M.O., Kirschvink, J.L., 2004. Paleomagnetic constraints on the Permian-Triassic Boundary in terrestrial strata of the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa: implications for causes of the End-Permian extinction event. Gondwana Research, 7(1), 175-183.
Derder, M.E.M., Henry, B., Bayou, B., Ouabadi, A., Bellon, H., Djellit, H., Khaldi, A., Amenna, M., Baziz, K., Hemmi, A., Guemache, M.A., 2006. New African Lower Carboniferous paleomagnetic pole from intrusive rocks of the Tin Serririne basin (Southern border of the Hoggar, Algeria). Tectonophysics, 418, 189-203.
Dunlop, D.J., 1972. Magnetic mineralogy of unheated and heated red sediments by coercivity spectrum analysis. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 27, 37-55.
Dunlop, D.J., Özdemir, O., 1997. Rock magnetism, fundamentals and frontiers. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 573pp.
Embleton, B.J.J., 1970a. Paleomagnetic results fro the Permian of South America and a comparison with the African and Australian data. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 21, 105-118.
Embleton, B.J.J., 1970b. Nuevos estudios paleomagnéticos del Neopaleozoico (Paganzo II) de la República Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 25(1), 101-110.
Fauqué, L.E., Limarino, C.O., Vujovich, G.I., Cegarra, M., Escosteguy, L., 2004. Hoja Geológica 2969-IV Villa Unión, Provincias de La Rioja y San Juan, scale 1:250.000. Buenos Aires, Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino, Boletin 345, 1 fold map.
Fernández Seveso, F., Tankard, A.J., 1995. Tectonics and stratigraphy of the Late Paleozoic Paganzo basin of western Argentina and its regional implications. In: Tankard, A.J., Suárez Soruco, R., Welsink, H.J. (eds.). Petroleum basins of South America, Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 62, 285-301.
Fisher, R.A., 1953. Dispersion on a sphere. Proceedings Royal Society of London, Series A, 217, 295-305.
Franke, W., Paul, J., 1980. Pelagic red beds in the Devonian of Germany – Deposition and diagenesis. Sedimentary Geology, 25, 231-256.
Geuna, S.E., Escosteguy, L.D., 2004. Palaeomagnetism of the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian transition from Paganzo basin, Argentina. Geophysical Journal International, 157, 1071-1089.
Geuna, S.E., Escosteguy, L.D., Miró, R., 2008. Palaeomagnetism of the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous Achala Batholith, Córdoba, central Argentina: implications for the apparent polar wander path of Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 13(2), 227-237.
Gulbranson, E.L., Montañez, I.P., Schmitz, M., Limarino, C.O., Marenssi, S.A., Crowley, J., 2008. High-resolution U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glacigenic deposits, Paganzo basin, northwest Argentina: a new perspective on the timing of Late Paleozoic glaciations. Houston (Texas), 2008 Joint Meeting of the Geological Society of America (GSA), 40(6, Abstracts with Programs), 401.
Gulbranson, E.L., Montañez, I.P., Schmitz, M., Limarino, C.O., Isbell, J.L., Marenssi, S.A., Crowley, J.L., 2010. High-resolution U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glacigenic deposits, Río Blanco and Paganzo basins, northwest Argentina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, accepted.
Heckel, P.H., Clayton, G., 2006. The Carboniferous System. Use of the new official names for the subsystems, series, and stages. Geologica Acta, 4(3), 403-407.
Henry, B., Merabet, N.E., Bouabdallah, H., Maouche, S., 1999. Nouveau pôle paléomagnétique Stéphanien inférieur pour le craton saharien (formation de Merkala, bassin de Tindouf, Algérie). Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, Series IIA Earth and Planetary Science, 329(3), 161-166.
Hu, X., Jansa, L., Wang, C., Sarti, M., Bak, K., Wagreich, M., Michalik, J., Soták, J., 2005. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) in the Tethys: occurrences, lithofacies, age, and environments. Cretaceous Research, 26(1), 3-20.
Irving, E., 1983. Fragmentation and assembly of the continents, Mid-Carboniferous to Present. Surveys in Geophysics, 5(4), 299-333.
Kay, S., 1993. Late Paleozoic tectonics in Southern South America: a global perspective. Buenos Aires, Comptes Rendus XII Congres International de la Stratigraphie et Geologie du Carbonifere et Permien, 1, 109-122.
Kirschvink, J.L., 1980. The least squares line and plane and the analysis of paleomagnetic data. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 62, 699-718.
Kleiman, L.E., Japas, M.S., 2009. The Choiyoi volcanic province at 34ºS-36ºS (San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina): implications for the Late Palaeozoic evolution of the southwestern margin of Gondwana. Tectonophysics, 473(3-4), 283-299.
Klootwijk, C.T., 1979. A review of paleomagnetic data from the Indo-Pakistani fragment of Gondwanaland. In: Abul Farah, A., De Jong, A. (eds.). Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, 41-80.
Kruiver, P.P., Dekkers, M.J., Heslop, D., 2001. Quantification of magnetic coercivity components by the analysis of acquisition curves of isothermal remanent magnetisation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 189, 269-276.
Lawver, L.A., Scotese, C.R., 1987. A revised reconstruction of Gondwana. In: McKenzie, G.D. (ed.). Gondwana Six: structure, tectonics, and geophysics. Washington, American Geophysical Union, 40(Geophysics Monograph), 17-23.
Limarino, C.O., 2009. Evolution of Western Gondwana during the Late Paleozoic. Unpublished.
Limarino, C.O., Caselli, A., 1995. Cherts (ftanitas) y niveles de silicificación en la sección superior del Grupo Paganzo (Pérmico), noroeste argentino. Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología, 2(1-2), 37-56.
Limarino, C.O., Morelli, J.R., Alonso, M.S., 1987. El color rojo de la sección superior del Grupo Paganzo (Pérmico). Su origen y probable significado. Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Mineralogía, Petrología y Sedimentología, 18(1-4), 1-10.
Limarino, C., Césari, S., Page, R., 1988. Nuevas precisiones acerca de la edad de algunas fases diastróficas del Paleozoico Superior argentino. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 43(4), 562-566.
Limarino, C., Gutiérrez, P., López Gamundí, O., Fauqué, L., Lech, R., 1996. Cuencas Río Blanco y Calingasta-Uspallata. In: Archangelsky, S. (ed.). El Sistema Pérmico en la República Argentina y en la República Oriental del Uruguay. Córdoba, Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 141-154.
Limarino, C., Tripaldi, A., Marenssi, S., Fauqué, L., 2006. Tectonic, sea-level, and climatic controls on Late Paleozoic sedimentation in the western basins of Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 22, 205-226.
Llambías, E.J., 1999. Las rocas ígneas gondwánicas. 1. El magmatismo gondwánico durante el Paleozoico Superior-Triásico. In: Caminos, R. (ed.). Geología Argentina, Buenos Aires, Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Anales 29(14), 349-376.
Llambías, E.J., Sato, A.M., 1990. El batolito de Colangüil (29º31ºS), Cordillera Frontal Argentina: estructura y marco tectónico. Revista Geológica de Chile, 17, 99-108.
Llambías, E.J., Sato, A.M., 1995. El batolito de Colangüil: transición entre orogénesis y anorogénesis. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 50(1-4), 111-131.
López Gamundí, O.R., Limarino, C.O., Césari, S.N., 1992. Late Paleozoic paleoclimatology of central west Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 91, 305-329.
McBride, E., 1974. Significance of colour in red, green, purple olive, brown and gray beds of Difunta Group, Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44, 760-773.
McElhinny, M.W., Lock, J., 1996. IAGA paleomagnetic databases with Access. Surveys in Geophysics, 17(5), 575-591.
McElhinny, M.W., McFadden, P.L., 2000. Paleomagnetism. Continents and oceans. Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, 73, 1-386.
McElhinny, M.W., Powell, Ch.McA., Pisarevsky, S.A., 2003. Paleozoic terranes of eastern Australia and the drift history of Gondwana. Tectonophysics, 362, 41-65.
McFadden, P.L., McElhinny, M.W., 1995. Combining groups of paleomagnetic directions or poles. Geophysical Research Letters, 22(16), 2191-2194.
McPherson, E., 1980. Genesis of variegated red beds in the fluvial Aztec silstones (Late Devonian), Southern Victoria Land, Antartica. Sedimentary Geology, 27, 119-142.
Menning, M., 1995. A numerical time scale for the Permian and Triassic periods. An integrated time analysis. In: Scholle, P., Peryt, R.M., Ulmer-Scholle, D.S. (eds.). Permian of the northern continents. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1, 77-97.
Merabet, N., Henry, B., Bouabdallah, H., Maouche, S., 1999. Paleomagnetism of the Djebel Reouina Namurian Formation (Tindouf Basin, Algeria). Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 43(4), 376-389.
Morel, P., Irving, E., 1978. Tentative paleocontinental maps for the early Phanerozoic and Proterozoic. Journal of Geology, 86, 535-561.
Morelli, J.R., 1967. Estratigrafía y tectónica de la cuesta de Amanao y alrededores, Prov. de La Rioja. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unpublished report, 50pp.
Mpodozis, C., Kay, S.M., 1992. Late Paleozoic to Triassic evolution of the Gondwana margin: evidence from Chilean Frontal Cordilleran batholiths (28ºS to 31ºS). Geological Society of America, 104(Bulletin), 999-1014.
Muttoni, G., Kent, D.V., Channel, J., 1996. The evolution of Pangea: paleomagnetic constraints from the Southern Alps, Italy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 140, 97-112.
Muttoni, G., Kent, D.V., Garzanti, E., Brack, P., Abrahamsen, N., Gaetani, M., 2003. Early Permian Pangea “B” to Late Permian Pangea “A”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 215, 379-394.
O’Reilly, W., 1984. Rock and mineral magnetism. London, Blackie and Son Limited, 220pp.
Ogg, J., Lugowski, A., 2008. TSCreator PRO visualization of enhanced Geologic Time Scale 2004 database (Version 1.3). Website (last consulted april 2010): http//www.tscreator.com.
Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., 2004. The geomagnetic polarity time scale. In: Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G. (eds.). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. New York, Cambridge University Press, 63-86.
Opdyke, N., Roberts, J., Claoué-Long, J., Irving, E., Jones, P.J., 2000. Base of the Kiaman: Its definition and global stratigraphic significance. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112(9), 1315-1341.
Opdyke, N.D., Mushayandebvu, M., De Wit, M.J., 2001. A new palaeomagnetic pole for the Dwyka System and correlative sediments in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 33(1), 143-153.
Oviedo, E.S., Vilas, J.F.A., 1984. Movimientos recurrentes en el Permo-Triásico entre el Gondwana Occidental y el Oriental. San Carlos de Bariloche, 9º Congreso Geológico Argentino, 3(Actas), 97-114.
Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Fanning, C.M., Márquez, M., 2006. Gondwanide continental collision and the origin of Patagonia. Earth-Science Reviews, 76, 235-257.
Rabassa, J., Zárate, M., Cioccale, M., Carignano, C., Partridge, T., Maud, R., 1996. Paisajes relictuales de edad gondwánica en áreas cratónicas de Argentina. Buenos Aires, Actas 13º Congreso Geológico Argentino, 4, 219.
Rakotosolofo, N.A., Tait, J.A., Carlotto, V., Cárdenas, J., 2006. Palaeomagnetic results from the Early Permian Copacabana Group, southern Peru: implication for Pangaea palaeogeography. Tectonophysics, 413, 287-299.
Ramos, V.A., 1999. Rasgos estructurales del territorio argentino. 1. Evolución tectónica de la Argentina. In: Caminos, R. (ed.). Geología Argentina, Buenos Aires, Anales del Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, 29(24), 715-784.
Ramos, V.A., 2008. Patagonia, a Paleozoic continent adrift? Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 26(3), 235-251.
Rapalini, A.E., Astini, R.A., 2005. La remagnetización sanrafaélica de la Precordillera en el Pérmico: nuevas evidencias. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 60(2), 290-300.
Rapalini, A.E., Mena, M., 2001. Rotación tectónica antihoraria de la Formación Del Salto (Pérmico inferior), provincia de San Juan. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 56(4), 494-502.
Rapalini, A.E., Sánchez Bettucci, L., 2008. Widespread remagnetization of late Proterozoic sedimentary units of Uruguay and the apparent polar wander path for the Rio de la Plata craton. Geophysical Journal International, 174, 55-74.
Rapalini, A.E., Tarling, D.H., 1993. Multiple magnetizations in the Cambro-Ordovician carbonate platform of the Argentine Precordillera and their tectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 227, 49-62.
Rapalini, A.E., Vilas, J.F., 1991. Tectonic rotations in the Late Palaeozoic continental margin of southern South America determined and dated by palaeomagnetism. Geophysical Journal International, 107, 333-351.
Rapalini, A.E., Vilas, J.F., 1996. Paleomagnetismo. In: Archangelsky, S. (ed.). El Sistema Pérmico en la República Argentina y en la República Oriental del Uruguay. Córdoba, Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 19-25.
Rapalini, A.E., Vizán, H., 1993. Evidence of intrapangaea movements in Gondwanaland. Buenos Aires, Comptes Rendus XII Congres International de la Stratigraphie et Geologie du Carbonifere et Permien, 1, 405-434.
Rapalini, A.E., Vilas, J.F., Valencio, D.A., 1988. New evidence for an allochthonous plate in central southwestern Argentina? Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 1(2), 163-168.
Rapalini, A.E., Vilas, J.F., Bobbio, M.L., Valencio, D.A., 1989. Geodynamic interpretations from paleomagnetic data of Late Paleozoic rocks in the Southern Andes. In: Hillhouse, J.W. (ed.). Deep Structure and past kinematics of accreted terranes. Washington, American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monographs Series, 50, 41-57.
Rapalini, A.E., Bordonaro, O., Berquo, T.S., 2000. Paleomagnetic study of Cambrian-Ordovician rocks in the Eastern Precordillera of Argentina: some constraints on the Andean uplift of this block. Tectonophysics, 326, 173-184.
Rapalini, A.E., Fazzito, S., Orué, D., 2006. A new late Permian paleomagnetic pole for stable South America: the Independencia Group, eastern Paraguay. Earth Planets Space, 58, 1247-1253.
Ricou, L.E., 1995. The plate tectonic history of the past Tethys Ocean. In: Nairn, A.E.M., Ricou, L.E., Vrielynck, B., Dercourt, J. (eds.). The ocean basins and margins. The Tethys Ocean. New York, Plenum Press, 8, 3-70.
Robertson, D.J., France, D.E., 1994. Discrimination of remanence-carrying minerals in mixtures, usint isothermal remanent magnetisation acquisition curves. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 82, 223-234.
Sinito, A.M., Valencio, D.A., Vilas, J.F., 1979a. Paleomagnetism of a sequence of Upper-Palaeozoic-Lower Mesozoic red beds from Argentina. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 58, 237-247.
Sinito, A.M., Valencio, D.A., Tetzlaff, D.M., Vilas, J.F., 1979b. El magnetismo remanente de los estratos rojos: su aporte al conocimiento de la cuenca de Paganzo. Geoacta, 10(1), 75-84.
Smith, A.G., 1999. Gondwana: its shape, size and position from Cambrian to Triassic times. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 28(1), 71-97.
Spagnuolo, C.M., Rapalini, A.E., Astini, R.A., 2008. Palaeomagnetic confirmation of Palaeozoic clockwise rotation of the Famatina Ranges (NW Argentina): implications for the evolution of the SW margin of Gondwana. Geophysical Journal International, 173(1), 63-78.
Tedesco, A., Ciccioli, P., Suriano, J., Limarino, C., 2010. Changes in the architecture of fluvial deposits in the Paganzo Basin (Upper Paleozoic of San Juan province): an example of sea level and climatic controls on the development of coastal fluvial environments. Geologica acta, 8(4), 463-482.
Terrizzano, C.M., Tomezzoli, R.N., Kleiman, L.E., Salvarredi, J.A., 2005. Resultados del estudio paleomagnético preliminar de la Formación Quebrada del Pimiento, bloque de San Rafael, provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. La Plata, XVI Congreso Geológico Argentino, 5(Actas), 383-390.
Thompson, R., 1972. Paleomagnetic results from the Paganzo basin of northwest Argentina. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 15, 145-156.
Thompson, R., Mitchell, J.C., 1972. Palaeomagnetic and radiometric evidence for the age of the lower boundary of the Kiaman magnetic interval in South America. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 27, 207-214.
Tomezzoli, R.N., Melchor, R.N., MacDonald, W.D., 2006. Tectonic implications of post-folding Permian magnetizations in the Carapacha Basin, La Pampa province, Argentina. Earth Planets Space, 58, 1235-1246.
Tomezzoli, R.N., 2009. The apparent polar wander path for South America during the Permian-Triassic. Gondwana Research, 15, 209-215.
Turner, P., 1980. Continental red beds. Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 562pp.
Uliana, M.A., Biddle, K.T., Cerdan, J., 1990. Mesozoic extension and the formation of Argentine sedimentary basins. In: Tankard, A.J., Balkwill, H.R. (eds.). Extensional tectonics and stratigraphy of the North Atlantic margins. Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 46(Memoir), 599-614.
Vai, G.B., 2003. Development of the palaeogeography of Pangaea from Late Carboniferous to Early Permian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 196, 125-155.
Valencio, D.A., Vilas, J.F., Mendía, J.E., 1977. Paleomagnetism of a sequence of red beds of the middle and the upper sections of Paganzo Group (Argentina) and the correlation of UpperPalaeozoic-Lower Mesozoic rocks. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 51, 59-74.
Van der Voo, R., 1993. Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans. New York, Cambridge University Press, 411pp.
Vizán, H., Van Zele, M.A., 2007. Analysis of a Permo-Triassic polarity transition in different absoute reconstructions of Pangaea, considering a model with features of the present Earth magnetic field. Annals of Geophysics, 50(2), 191-202.
Williams, K.E., 1995. Tectonic subsidence analysis and Paleozoic paleogeography of Gondwana. In: Tankard, A.J., Suárez Soruco, R., Welsink, H.J. (eds.). Petroleum basins of South America. Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 62(Memoir), 79-100.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Geologica Acta is the property of the UB, GEO3BCN, IDAEA and UAB. Geologica Acta must be cited for any partial or full reproduction. Papers are distributed under the Attribution-Share Alike Creative Commons License. This license allows anyone to reproduce and disseminate the content of the journal and even make derivative works crediting authorship and provenance and distributing possible derivative works under the same or an equivalent license.
Author Rights
Authors retain the copyright on their papers and are authorized to post them on their own web pages or institutional repositories. The copyright was retained by the journal from the year 2003 until 2009. In all cases, the complete citation and a link to the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) of the article must be included.
The authors can use excerpts or reproduce illustrations of their papers in other works without prior permission from Geologica Acta provided the source of the paper including the complete citation is fully acknowledged.
