Mineral chemistry and P-T conditions of the Karakaya volcanites at Kırka-Afyon-Isparta volcanic province, Afyon, Turkey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2024.22.2Keywords:
Mineral Chemistry, Thermobarometry, KAIVP, Karakaya volcanites, Western TurkeyAbstract
The Kırka-Afyon-Isparta Volcanic Province (KAIVP) is one of the best known regions in Turkey for the origin and petrological evolution of the high potassium volcanic activity. The temporal and spatial variability of volcanic rocks in the region exerts significant control over their geochemical diversity. Alkaline and ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the Afyon volcanism are the first products of asthenospheric origin after the orogenesis in western Anatolia. We have determined the mineralogical and petrographic properties of the Karakaya volcanites surrounding Afyon with the help of microprobe analyses. Estimated thermobarometers are calculated. The Karakaya volcanites have been grouped into four different units according to their their mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical characteristics: Seydiler ignimbirite, basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite, trachyte and lamproite. Most samples display hypocrystalline porphyritic texture, whereas samples of lamproite unit have a holocrystalline texture. Generally, volcanic units also exhibit some textural evidence of disequilibrium crystallisation, such as sieve texture and corrosion in plagioclase phenocrysts, zoning and inclusions in clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Mineral thermobarometric estimations in all suites were tested on clinopyroxene and feldspar compositions, considering different authors’ approaches. Values of temperatures and pressure range from 1105 to 1273ºC and 5.6 to 12.2kbar, respectively. The temperature and pressure values calculated from the mineral-melt associations in the volcanics suggest that the Afyon Volcanites were affected by magma mixing processes and crystallised at different depths during the transport of magma.
Resumen
La provincia volcánica de Kırka-Afyon-Isparta es una de las regiones más conocidas de Turquía por su origen y evolución petrológica de actividad volcánica rica en potasio. La variabilidad temporal y espacial de las rocas volcánicas de la región ejerce un control significativo sobre su diversidad geoquímica. Las rocas volcánicas alcalinas y ultrapotásicas del vulcanismo de Afyon son los primeros productos de origen astenosferico después de la orogénesis en Anatolia occidental. Se han determinado las propiedades mineralógicas y petrográficas de la vulcanita de Karakaya que rodea Afyon mediante análisis de microsonda. Se calcuan los parámetros termobarometricos estimados. Las vulcanitas de Karakaya se han agrupado en cuatro unidades diferentes en función de sus características mineralógicas, petrográficas y geoquímicas: ignimbrita de Seydiler, traquiandesita basáltica, traquiandesita, traquita y lamproíta. La mayoría de muestras tienen una estructura porfídica hipocristalina mientras que, las muestras de la unidad de lamproíta tienen una textura holocristalina. Generalmente, las unidades volcánicas también presentan evidencias texturales de cristalización desordenada, como textura de tamiz y corrosión en los fenocristales de las plagioclasas y zonación e inclusiones en los fenocristales de los clinopiroxenos. Las estimaciones termobarométricas de los minerales se probaron en composiciones de clinopiroxeno y feldespato, considerando los enfoques de diferentes autores. Los valores de temperatura y presión oscilan entre los 1105 y 1273ºC y entre 5.6 y 12.2kbar, respectivamente. Los valores de presión y temperatura calculados a partir de las asociaciones de mineral-fundido en los volcanes sugieren que las vulcanitas de Afyon han estado afectadas por procesos de mezcla de magma y de cristalización a diferentes profundidades durante el transporte de magma.
Palabras clave: Química Mineral, Termobarometría, KAIVP, Volcanitas Karakaya, Turquía Occidental.
Resum
La província volcànica de Kırka-Afyon-Isparta és una de les regions més conegudes de Turquia per l’origen i evolució petrològica d’activitat volcànica rica en potassi. La variabilitat temporal i espacial de les roques volcàniques de la regió exerceix un control significatiu sobre la seva diversitat geoquímica. Les roques volcàniques alcalines i ultrapotàssiques del vulcanisme d’Afyon són els primers productes d’origen astenosfèric després de l’orogènesi a Anatòlia occidental. S’han determinat les propietats mineralògiques i petrogràfiques de la vulcanita de Karakaya que envolta Afyon amb l’ajuda d’anàlisis de microsonda. Es calculen els paràmetres termobaromètrics estimats. Les vulcanites de Karakaya s’han agrupat en quatre unitats diferents segons les seves característiques mineralògiques, petrogràfiques i geoquímiques: ignimbrita de Seydiler, traquiandesita basàltica, traquiandesita, traquita i lamproïta. La majoria de mostres tenen una textura porfírica hipocristal·lina mentre que, les mostres de la unitat de lamproïta tenen una textura holocristal·lina. Generalment, les unitats volcàniques també presenten evidències texturals de cristal·lització desordenada, com ara textura de tamís i corrosió als fenocristalls de les plagiòclasis i zonació i inclusions als fenocristalls dels clinopiroxens. Les estimacions termobaromètriques dels minerals es van provar en composicions de clinopiroxè i feldspat, considerant els enfocaments de diferents autors. Els valors de temperatura i pressió oscil·len entre 1105 i 1273ºC i entre 5.6 i 12.2kbar, respectivament. Els valors de pressió i temperatura calculats a partir de associacions de mineral-fos en els volcans suggereixen que els vulcanites d’Afyon han estat afectades per processos de barreja de magma i de cristal·lització a diferents profunditats durant el transport del magma.
Paraules clau: Química Mineral, Termobarometria, KAIVP, Volcanites Karakaya, Turquia Occidental.
References
Akal, C., 2003. Mineralogy and geochemistry of melilite leucitites, Balçikhisar, Afyon (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 12, 215-239.
Akal, C., 2008. K-richterite-olivine-phlogopite-diopsidesanidine lamproites from the Afyon volcanic province, Turkey. Geological Magazine, 145, 570-585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756808004536
Akal, C., Candan, O., Koralay, O.E., Oberhänsli, R., Chen, F., Prelević, D., 2012. Early Triassic potassic volcanism in the Afyon Zone of the Anatolides/Turkey: Implications for the rifting of the Neo-Tethys. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 101, 177-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-011-0654-2
Akal, C., Helvaci, C., Prelević, D., van den Bogaard, P., 2013. High-K volcanism in the Afyon region, western Turkey: From
Si-oversaturated to Si-undersaturated volcanism. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 435-453. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00531-012-0809-9
Aksoy, İ., 2019. Petrology and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in Iscehisar (Afyon) region. PhD Thesis. Dumlupınar University,
pp.
Alıcı, P., Temel, A., Gourgaud, A., Kieffer, G., Gündogdu, M.N., 1998. Petrology and geochemistry of potassic rocks in the
Golcuk area (Isparta, SW Turkey): genesis of enriched alkaline magmas. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 423-446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00065-1
Aydar, E., 1998. Early Miocene to Quaternary evolution of volcanism and the basin formation in western Anatolia: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 69-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00050-X
Aydar, E., Bayhan, H., Gourgaud, A., 1998. Koroglu caldera, midwest Anatolia, Turkey: Volcanological and magmatological
evolution. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85, 83–98. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00051-1
Aydar, E., Bayhan, H., Gourgaud, A., 2003. The lamprophyres of Afyon stratovolcano, western Anatolia, Turkey: description
and genesis. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 335, 279-288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0713(03)00049-x
Bacon, C.R., Hirschmann, M.M., 1988. Mg/Mn partitioning as a test for equilibrium between coexisting Fe-Ti oxides.
American Mineralogist, 73, 57-61.
Besang, C., Eckhardt, F.J., Harre, W., Kreuzer, H., Müller, P., 1977. Radiometrische altersbestimmungen an neogenen
eruptivgesteinen der Türkei. Geologisches Jahrbuch, 25, 3-36.
Bilgiç Gencer, S., Tatar Erkül, S., Erkül, F., 2020. Evolution of slab tearing-related high potassium volcanism: Petrogenetic data from the Emirdağ and İscehisar volcanic units. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 163, 167-185. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.693353
Boynton, W.V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Meteorite Studies. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, 2,
-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3
Çoban, H., Flower, M.F.J., 2006. Mineral phase compositions in silica-undersaturated “leucite” lamproites from the Bucak
area, Isparta, SW Turkey. Lithos, 89, 275-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.12.006
Conticelli, S., 1998. The effect of crustal contamination on ultrapotassic magmas with lamproitic affinity: mineralogical,
geochemical and isotope data from the Torre Alfina lavas and xenoliths, Central Italy. Chemical Geology, 149, 51-81. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00038-2
Conticelli, S., Manetti, P., Menichetti, S., 1992. Mineralogy, geochemistry and Sr-isotopes in orendites from South Tuscany, Italy: constraints on their genesis and evolution. European Journal of Mineralogy, 4, 1359-1376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/6/1359
Conticelli, S., D’Antonio, M., Pinarelli, L., Civetta, L., 2002. Source contamination and mantle heterogeneity in the genesis
of Italian potassic and ultrapotassic volcanic rocks: Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data from Roman Province and Southern Tuscany.
Mineralogy and Petrology, 74, 189-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s007100200004
Dedeoglu, D., Yilmaz, K., 2016. Geochemistry of lamprophyres in Karakaya (İscehisar, Afyon), Western Anatolia, Turkey, in: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 44(4), 7pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/44/4/042005
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., 1963. Rock-forming Minerals: Vol. 4: Framework Silicates. Longman, 94pp.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., 1992. An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. Longman Scientific & Technical,696p.
Dilek, Y., Altunkaynak, Ş., 2007. Timing and nature of postcollisional volcanism in western Anatolia and geodynamic implications, Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, 409, 321–351. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2409(17)
Dilek, Y., Altunkaynak, Ş., 2009. Geochemical and temporal evolution of Cenozoic magmatism in western Turkey: mantle
response to collision, slab break-off, and lithospheric tearing in an orogenic belt. London, The Geological Society, Special
Publications, 311 , 213-233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.8
Dilek, Y., Altunkaynak, Ş., 2010. Geochemistry of Neogene-Quaternary alkaline volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey, and implications for the Aegean mantle. International Geology Review, 52, 631-655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810903495020
Dobosi, G., Fodor, R.V., 1992. Magma fractionation, replenishment, and mixing as inferred from green-core clinopyroxenes in Pliocene basanite, southern Slovakia. Lithos, 28, 133-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(92)90028-W
Doğan-Külahci, G.D., Temel, A., Gourgaud, A., Demirbağ, H., 2015. Afyon Volkanik Kayaçlarının (Batı Anadolu, Türkiye)
Mineralojik-Petrografik Özellikleri ve P-T Hesaplamaları. Yerbilimleri (Earth Sciences), 36, 137-162.
Duggen, S., Hoernle, K., van den Bogaard, P., Garbe-Schönberg, D., 2005. Post-collisional transition from subduction-to
intraplate-type magmatism in the westernmost Mediterranean: Evidence for continental-edge delamination of subcontinental lithosphere. Journal of Petrology, 46(6), 1155-1201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi013
Elitok, Ö., Özgür, N., Drüppel, K., Dilek, Y., Platevoet, B., Guillou, H., Poisson, A., Scaillet, S., Satır, M., Siebel, W., Bardintzeff, J.M., Deniel, C., Yılmaz, K., 2010. Origin and geodynamic evolution of late Cenozoic potassiumrich volcanism in the Isparta area, southwestern Turkey. International Geology Review, 52, 454-504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810902951411
Erkan, Y., Bayhan, H., Tolluoǧlu, A.Ü., Aydar, E., 1996. Afyon Yöresi Metamorfik ve Volkanik Kayaçların Jeolojik, Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu (Tübitak), YBAG-0044/Dpt 214.
Erkül, F., Çolak, C., Tatar Erkül, S., Varol, E., 2019. Geology and geochemistry of the Middle Miocene Yağcıköy volcanic complex, western Turkey: Wide-rift alkaline volcanism associated with incipient stages of slab tearing. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 179, 112-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.04.015
Ersoy, Y.E., Helvaci, C., Palmer, M.R., 2012. Petrogenesis of the Neogene volcanic units in the NE-SW-trending basins in western Anatolia, Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 163, 379-401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00410-011-0679-3
Ersoy, E.Y., Palmer, M.R., Genç, C., Prelević, D., Akal, C., Uysal, İ., 2017. Chemo-probe into the mantle origin of the NW
Anatolia Eocene to Miocene volcanic rocks: Implications for the role of, crustal accretion, subduction, slab rollback
and slab break-off processes in genesis of post-collisional magmatism. Lithos, 288-289, 55-71. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.07.006
Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1995. Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and
paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 23, 921-924.
Floyd, P.A., Helvacı, C., Mittwede, S.K., 1998. Geochemical discrimination of volcanic rocks associated with borate deposits: An exploration tool? Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 60, 185-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(97)00047-2
Foley, S.S., Venturelli, G., Green, D.D., Toscani, L., 1987. The ultrapotassic rocks: characteristics, classification, and constraints
for petrogenetic models. Earth-Science Reviews, 24, 81-134.
Francalanci, L., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Savasçin, M.Y., 2000. Neogene alkaline volcanism of the Afyon-Isparta area, Turkey:
Petrogenesis and geodynamic implications. Mineralogy and Petrology, 70, 285-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s007100070007
Grove, T.L., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., 1986. The evolution of young silicic lavas at Medicine Lake Volcano, California: Implications
for the origin of compositional gaps in calc-alkaline series lavas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92(3), 281-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00572157
Güleç, N., 1991. Crust–mantle interaction in western Turkey: implications from Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of Tertiary
and Quaternary volcanics. Geological Magazine, 128, 417-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800018604
Gündogan, I., Yücel-Oztürk, Y., Helvacı, C., Güngör, T., Karamanderesi, I.H., Koralay, O.E., 2012. Geological setting of Sandıklı (Afyon) volcanics and geochronological signature of the Karacaören syenitoid in volcanic succession. In 65th Geological Congress of Turkey, Ankara (Abstracts Book), 363.
Helvacı, C., Alonso, R.N., 2000. Borate deposits of Turkey and Argentina; A Summary and Geological Comparison. Turkish
Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, 1-27.
Irvine, T.N., Baragar, W.R.A., 1971. A Guide to the Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523-548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/e71-055
Karaoǧlu, Ö., Helvaci, C., 2014. Isotopic evidence for a transition from subduction to slab-tear related volcanism in western
Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos, 192-195, 226-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.02.006
Karaoǧlu, Ö., Helvaci, C., Ersoy, Y., 2010. Petrogenesis and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the volcanic rocks of the Uşak-
Güre basin, western Türkiye. Lithos, 119, 193-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.07.001
Keller, J., 1983. Potassic lavas in the orogenic volcanism of the Mediterranean area. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research, 18, 321-355.
Keller, J., Villari, L., 1972. Rhyolitic ignimbrites in the region of Afyon (Central Anatolia). Bulletin Volcanologique, 36, 342-
Kudo, A.M., Weill, D.F., 1970. An igneous plagioclase thermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 25, 52–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383062/METRICS
Le Bas, M., Maitre, R.L., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., 1986. A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total
alkali-silica diagram. Journal of Petrology, 27, 745-750.
Le Maitre, R., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., Le Bas, M., Bonin, B., Bateman, P., Bellieni, G., Dudek, A., Efremova, S., Keller, J.,
Lamere, J., Sabine, P., Schmid, R., Sorensen, H., Woolley, A., 1989. Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms,
Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous
Rocks. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 193pp.
Metin, S., Genç, Ş., Bulut, V., 1987. Afyon ve dolayının jeolojisi. MTA Raporu, No: 8103 (yayınlanmamış), 100s.
Mitchell, R.H., Bergman, S.C., 1991. Petrology of lamproites, Springer US., 448pp DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-
-3788-5
Miyashiro, A., 1978. Nature of alkalic volcanic rock series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 66(1), 91-104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376089
Morimoto, N., 1989. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogical Journal, 14, 198-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2465/
minerj.14.198
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of
lutites. Nature, 299(5885), 715-717.
Nimis, P., 1995. A clinopyroxene geobarometer for basaltic systems based on crystal-structure modeling. Contributions
to Mineralogy and Petrology, 121, 115-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050093
Nimis, P., Ulmer, P., 1998. Clinopyroxene geobarometry of magmatic rocks. Part 1: An expanded structural geobarometer
for anhydrous and hydrous, basic and ultrabasic systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 133, 122-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/S004100050442
Nimis, P., Taylor, W.R., 2000. Single clinopyroxene thermobarometry for garnet peridotites. Part I. Calibration and testing of a Cr-in-Cpx barometer and an enstatite-in-Cpx thermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 139, 541-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100000156
Nixon, G.T., 1988. Petrology of the younger andesites and dacites of Iztaccíhuatl Volcano, Mexico: I. Disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages as indicators of magma chamber processes. Journal of Petrology, 29, 213-264. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1093/PETROLOGY/29.2.213
Ohta, T., Arai, H., 2007. Statistical empirical index of chemical weathering in igneous rocks: A new tool for evaluating the
degree of weathering. Chemical Geology, 240, 280-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.02.017
Okay, A.I., 1984. Distribution and characteristics of the north-west Turkish blueschists. London, The Geological Society, Special Publications, 17, 455-466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.33
Okay, A.I., Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. London, The Geological Society, Special Publications,
, 475-515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22
Ortoleva, P.J., 1990. Role of attachment kinetic feedback in the oscillatory zoning of crystals grown from melts. Earth-
Science Reviews, 29, 3-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(0)90023-O
Özgül, N., 1976. Toroslar’m Bazı Temel Jeoloji Özellikleri. Bulettin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 19, 65-78.
Parker, A., 1970. An index of weathering for silicate rocks. Geological Magazine, 107, 501-504.
Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., 2001. Late Cenozoic, post-collisional Aegean igneous rocks: Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic constraints on
petrogenetic and tectonic models. Geological Magazine, 138, 653-668. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756801005957
Peccerillo, A., Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calcalkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern
Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58, 63-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384745
Peccerillo, A., Poli, G., Serri, G., 1988. Petrogenesis of orenditic and kamafugitic rocks from central Italy. The Canadian
Mineralogist, 26, 45-65.
Platevoet, B., Scaillet, S., Guillou, H., Blamart, D., Nomade, S., Massault, M., Poisson, A., Elitok, Ö., Özgür, N., Yagmurlu,
F., Yilmaz, K., 2008. Pleistocence eruptive chronology of the Gölcük volcano, Isparta Angle, Turkey. Quaternaire, 19, 147-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.3092
Portner, D.E., Delph, J.R., Berk Biryol, C., Beck, S.L., Zandt, G., Özacar, A.A., Sandvol, E., Türkelli, N., 2018. Subduction termination through progressive slab deformation across Eastern Mediterranean subduction zones from updated
P-wave tomography beneath Anatolia. Geosphere, 14, 907-925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01617.1
Prelević, D., Foley, S.F., Romer, R.L., Cvetković, V., Downes, H., 2005. Tertiary ultrapotassic volcanism in Serbia: Constraints
on petrogenesis and mantle source characteristics. Journal of Petrology, 46, 1443-1487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/
petrology/egi022
Prelević, D., Akal, C., Romer, R.L., Foley, S.F., 2010. Lamproites as indicators of accretion and/or shallow subduction in the assembly of south-western Anatolia, Turkey. Terra Nova, 22, 443-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00963.x
Prelević, D., Akal, C., Foley, S.F., Romer, R.L., Stracke, A., Van den Bogaard, P., 2012. Ultrapotassic mafic rocks as geochemical
proxies for post-collisional dynamics of orogenic lithospheric mantle: the case of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal
of Petrology, 53, 1019-1055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egs008
Prelević, D., Akal, C., Romer, R.L., Mertz-Kraus, R., Helvacı, C., 2015. Magmatic response to slab tearing: constraints from
the Afyon alkaline volcanic complex, western Turkey. Journal of Petrology, 56, 527-562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/
petrology/egv008
Putirka, K., Johnson, M., Kinzler, R., Longhi, J., Walker, D., 1996. Thermobarometry of mafic igneous rocks based on
clinopyroxene-liquid equilibria, 0-30kbar. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 123, 92-108. DOI: https://doi.
org/10.1007/s004100050145
Putirka, K.D., 2008. Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 69, 61-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2008.69.3
Putirka, K., Mikaelian, H., Ryerson, F., Shaw, H., 2003. New clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometers for mafic, evolved,
and volatile-bearing lava compositions, with applications to lavas from Tibet and the Snake River Plain, Idaho. American
Mineralogist, 88, 1542-1554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2003-1017
Rutherford, M.J., Hill, P.M., Rutherford, M.J., Hill, P.M., 1993. Magma ascent rates from amphibole breakdown: An experimental study applied to the 1980-1986 Mount St. Helens eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 19,667-19,685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB01613
Saraç, G., 2003. Türkiye Omurgalı Fosil Yatakları. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA), 100s (yayımlanmamış).
Savaşçın, M.Y., Güleç, N., 1990. Relationship between magmatic and tectonic activities in western Turkey. International
Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region (IESCA) Proceedings, 300-313.
Savaşçın, M.Y., Oyman, T., 1998. Tectono-magmatic evolution of alkaline volcanics at the Kırka-Afyon-Isparta structural trend, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 7, 201-214.
Scarrow, J.H., Cox, K.G., 1995. Basalts generated by decompressive adiabatic melting of a mantle plume: A case study from the Isle of Skye, NW Scotland. Journal of Petrology, 36, 3-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.1.3
Seghedi, I., Helvacı, C., 2016. Early Miocene Kırka-Phrigian Caldera, western Turkey (Eskişehir province), preliminary
volcanology, age and geochemistry data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 327, 503-519. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.09.007
Şengör, A.M.C., Yilmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4
Servais, M., 1982. Collison et suture Tethysienne en Anatolie Centrale, Etude structurale et metamorphique (HB-BT) de
la zone nord Kütahya. PhD Thesis. Orsay Univercity, France, 349.
Simonetti, A., Shore, M., Bell, K., 1996. Diopside phenocrysts from nephelinite lavas, Napak volcano, eastern Uganda:
Evidence for magma mixing. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 411-421.
Sun, S., McDonough, W., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition
and processes. London, The Geological Society, Special Publications, 4, 313-345.
Sunder, M., 1982. Geology of the Kırka (Eskişehir) region and the formation of Sakarya borate deposits. Tübitak VII bilim
Kong, 105-107.
Telsiz, S., 2011. Eskişehir Yöresindeki Volkanik Kayaçların Petrolojisi ve Jeokimyası. Phd Thesis. Hacettepe University, 185pp.
Uzel, B., Kuiper, K., Sözbilir, H., Kaymakci, N., Langereis, C.G., Boehm, K., 2020. Miocene geochronology and stratigraphy
of western Anatolia: Insights from new Ar/Ar dataset. Lithos, 352-353, 42p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105305
Vernon, R.H., 2014. Microstructures of microgranitoid enclaves and the origin of S-type granitoids. Australian Journal of
Earth Sciences, 61, 227-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2014.886623
Woolley, A.R., Berman, S.C., Edgar, A.D., Le Bas, M.J., Mitchell, R.H., Rock, N.M.S., Scot Smith, B.H., 1996. Lamproites, Classification Rocksx and Leucitic Melilitic, and the Kalsilitig. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 175-186.
Yağmurlu, F., Savasçin, Y., Ergün, M., 1997. Relation of Alkaline Volcanism and Active Tectonism Within the Evolution of the
Isparta Angle, SW Turkey. The Journal of Geology, 105, 717-728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/515978
Yalçın, H., 1989. Kırka (Eskişehir) Yöresi Volkanosedimanter Oluşumlarının Mineralojik-Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi. PhD thesis. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 269pp.
Yilmaz, Y., 1989. An Approach to the Origin of Young Volcanic Rocks of Western Turkey. In Şengör, A.M.C. (eds) Tectonic
Evolution of the Tethyan Region, 159-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2253-2_10
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Geologica Acta is the property of the UB, GEO3BCN, IDAEA and UAB. Geologica Acta must be cited for any partial or full reproduction. Papers are distributed under the Attribution-Share Alike Creative Commons License. This license allows anyone to reproduce and disseminate the content of the journal and even make derivative works crediting authorship and provenance and distributing possible derivative works under the same or an equivalent license.
Author Rights
Authors retain the copyright on their papers and are authorized to post them on their own web pages or institutional repositories. The copyright was retained by the journal from the year 2003 until 2009. In all cases, the complete citation and a link to the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) of the article must be included.
The authors can use excerpts or reproduce illustrations of their papers in other works without prior permission from Geologica Acta provided the source of the paper including the complete citation is fully acknowledged.