Internet access standards: dissemination of the Integrated Services Digital Network in Spain, 1984-2005
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb2021.2.j091Keywords:
Integrated Services Digital Network, telecommunication networks, Internet access technologies, National Telephone Company of SpainAbstract
This article aims to narrate the birth and evolution of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) in Spain with an essentially descriptive methodology, from an interdisciplinary perspective and from varied sources. The study aims to investigate the forms of the transition from a conceptual or engineering phase to the market in a standard of Internet access and, at the same time, in the different patterns of technological innovation and the factors that motivate them. It tries to verify if the own nature of the techniques, the degree of diffusion of the previous technologies, the technological level -digitalization- and the structure of market of the telecommunications — continued existence of the monopoly of the historical operator National Telephone Company of Spain — had a significant impact on the inequality of penetration with respect to other countries. The research authorizes to conclude that a very heterogeneous combination of factors caused that leading countries in the diffusion of a technology did not achieve that leading role in the diffusion of other technologies.
Downloads
References
Adanero, José L. 1989. “RDSI: opinión de las empresas: Amper frente a la RDSI.” Bit, March-April, 85.
Alabau, Antonio and Luis Guijarro. 2011. The electronic communications policy of the European Union. Valencia: Universitat Politécnica de València.
Architecture & Transport Working Group. 2006. Triple-play Services Quality of Experience (QoE) Requirements, December 13.
Audretsch, David B., and Paul J.J. Welfens. 2013. The New Economy and Economic Growth in Europe and the US. Berlin: Springer.
Autorité de régulation des télécommunications. 2004. Rapport d’activité de l’ART.
Barfield, Claude E.; Günter Heiduk and Paul J.J. Welfens, 2003. Internet, Economic Growth and Globalization: Perspectives on the New Economy in Europe, Japan and the USA. Berlin-New York: Springer.
Bangemann Report, Europe and the Global Information Society (1994), Brussels, May 26, 1994.
Bottini, Novella; Miguel Coelho and Jennifer Kao. 2012. Infrastructure and growth. London: LSE/Growth Commission.
Browne T.E. 1985. “Evolution to ISDN in the USA”. In Integrierte Telekommunikation/Integrated Telecommunications. Telecommunications, edited by Wolfgang Kaiser, vol 11, Berlin: Springer.
Burd, Nick C. 1997. ISDN Subscriber Loop. London: Chapman & Hall.
Bushaus, Dawn and Paul Travis. 1990. “Users Find ISDN Pays Off.” Telephony, February, 12-15.
Cerni, Dorothy M. 1982. The CCITT: Organization, U.S. Participation, and Studies Toward the ISDN, NTIA Report 82-101. Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce.
CMT – Comisión del Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones. 1998. Informe Anual 1998, Madrid: CMT.
Commission of the European Communities, Progress report 1989 concerning the co-ordinated introduction of the integrated services digital network (ISDN) in the European Community, 'SEC(90)488 final Brussels, 23 March 1990.
Dorros, Irwin. 1981. “ISDN.” IEEE Communications Magazine 19(2): 16-19.
Ekelund, Sixten and Anders Samuelsson. 1988. “Programmable PCM Multiplexer for the 30-Channel Hierarchy.” Ericsson Review 65(3): 122-128.
Ericsson. 1993. Annual Report.
David, Paul A. and Steinmueller, W. Edward. 1994. “Economics of compatibility standards and competition in telecommunication networks.” Information Economics and Policy 6(3-4): 217-241. doi: 10.1016/0167-6245(94)90003-5.
David, Paul A. 1990. “The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox.” American Economic Review 80(2): 355-361.
EITO – European Information Technology Observatory. 2002. Annual report 2002.
Ericsson. 1999. Annual Report.
European Commission. 1985. Study of the introduction of ISDN within the Community. Consultants final report. [Working Document], EU Commission.
European Commission. 2001. Consumers in Europe. Facts and figures. Data 1996–2000. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Fischman, Kurt and Norman D. Jorstad. 1990. Digital SPC switching technology. Foreign technology assessment, IDA paper p-2498, Institute for Defense Analyses.
Fuchs, Gerhard. 1992. “ISDN - the telecommunications highway for Europe after 1992?” Telecommunications Policy, 16(8): 635-645. doi: 10.1016/0308-5961(92)90058-W.
Glen, Donald V. 1982. Integrated Services Digital Networks, Standards, and Related Technology, NTIA Report 82-103, Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce for Communications and Information.
Gordon, Robert J. 2003. “Hi-Tech Innovation and Productivity Growth: Does Supply Create Its Own Demand.” NBER Working Papers No. 9,437, January. Available at https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w9437/w9437.pdf.
Gregg, Kathleen M. 1992. “The status of ISDN in the USA.” Telecommunications Policy 16(5): 425-439.
Grupo de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones. 2017. 50 años de evolución de la red de redes en España. De Tesys a la economía digital. Madrid: Foro Histórico de las Telecomunicaciones del Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación.
Haerens, F., B. Rossi and J. Serrano. 1985. “Pruebas de campo RDSI en las redes belga italiana y española.” Comunicaciones Eléctricas 59(1-2): 89-97.
Hugues, Thomas P. 1983. Networks of Power Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Boulder CO: Westview Press.
IGIC. 1991. European ISDN Atlas 1991. Boston MA: Information Gatekeepers Inc.
IGIC. 1994. Market Analysis of ISDN CPE Vendors- Profiles and Strategies. Boston MA: Information Gatekeepers Inc.
Information Gatekeepers Inc. 1994. Impact of fiber optics and digital technologies on the insulated copper wire industry. Boston MA: Information Gatekeepers Inc.
Information Gatekeepers Inc. 1996. Fiber Optics Weekly Update, Boston MA: IGI.
Inoue, O. 1992. “Implementation in Japan (ISDN).” IEEE Communications Magazine 30(8) : 54-57. doi: 10.1109/35.149619.
ITU – International Communications Union. 1993. Redes Digitales de Servicios Integrados, Recommendation UIT-T I.120.
Iwens, J. L. 1986. “RDSI: a propósito de la economía de la RDSI.” Bit 45(6): 36-38.
Jorgenson, Dale W., Mun S. Ho, and Kevin J. Stiroh. 2002. “Projecting Productivity Growth: Lessons from the US Growth Resurgence.” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, third quarter, 1-13.
Joyandet, Alain, Pierre Hérisson, and Alex Türk. 1996/1997. L'entrée dans la société de l'information. Sénat de la France, Rapport d'information 436 - Mission commune d'information sur l'entrée dans la société de l'information.
Kaplan, Gadi. 1984. “Japan's Information Network system.” IEEE Spectrum, 21(5): 50-52. doi: 10.1109/MSPEC.1984.6370267.
Keiser Bernhard E., and Strange Eugene. 1985. “Evolution of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).” In Digital Telephony and Network Integration, edited by Keiser Bernhard E., and Strange Eugene, 400-429. Dordrecht: Springer.
Kranzberg, Melvin. 1986. “Technology and History: ‘Kranzberg's Laws’.” Technology and Culture 27(3): 544-560. doi: 10.2307/3105385.
Kuo, Feng‐Yang, and Jimming Lin. 1992. “A critical review of international ISDN development.” Briefings in Entrepreneurial Finance 1(3): 165-178. doi: 10.1002/jsc.4240010306.
Lai,Vincent S. and, Bernard Reeh. 1995. “ISDN implementation in the United States and Germany: A cross-country assessment.” Information & Management 29(3): 131-140. doi: 10.1016/0378-7206(95)00018-R.
Lai, Vincent S., Jan L. Guynes, and Bijoy Bordoloi. 1993. “A Survey of ISDN Adoption and Diffusion Issues.” Information Systems Management 10(4), January: 46-52. Accessed at: http://www.ittoday.info/AIMS/DCM/54-80-10.PDF.
Lennon, Elizabeth. “North American Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Users Forum (NIUF) - Gaithersburg, Md - June 22-25, 1993, September 1993.” Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 98(5): 633-635.
Liebscher, R. R. 1990. “ISDN deployment in Europe.” In GLOBECOM '90: IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference and Exhibition, 2, 1246-1250. San Diego: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/GLOCOM.1990.116695.
Linares, Julio. 1989. “RDSI: opinión de las empresas: ¿Qué se espera de la RDSI?.” Bit, March-April: 95-96.
Linares, Julio. 1991. Las telecomunicaciones mañana. Redes, sistemas y tecnologías. (Informe de Telefonica Investigación y Desarrollo). Madrid: Fundesco.
Linares, Julio. 2018. “Una mirada a Internet desde las comunicaciones fijas”. In 50 años de evolución de la red de redes en España. De Tesys a la economía digital, edited by Jorge Pérez Martínez, Zoraida Frías Barroso and Alberto Urueña López, 181-187. Madrid: Foro Histórico de las Telecomunicaciones, 160-162.
Littman, M. Kemper. 2002. Building Broadband Networks. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
McKinsey. 2001. US Productivity Growth 1995-2000: Understanding the Contribution of Information Technology Relative to Other Factors. Washington DC: McKinsey Global Institute.
Mayntz, Renate, and Thomas P. Hughes, editor. 1988. The development of large technical systems. Köln: Schriften des Max-Planck-Instituts für Gesellschaftsforschung.
Miguel de Vicente, Javier. 1989. “RDSI: opinión de las empresas: la RDSI vista por INTELSA.” Bit, March-April, 86-87.
Monedero, A., and A. Post. 1990. “Estado de la introducción de la RDSI en España.” Comunicaciones Eléctricas 64(1): 28-33.
Mossotto, C., G. Perucca, and M. Romagnoli. 1986. “ISDN Activities in Italy.” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 4(3): 413-420. doi: 10.1109/JSAC.1986.1146336.
North American ISDN Users' Forum Agreements on Integrated Services Digital Network. 1991. NIST Special Publication 500-195, Department of Commerce. Washington: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
OECD. 2001. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in Italy 2001. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD. 2007. OECD Communications Outlook 2007. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD. 2008. Broadband Growth and Policies in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Ono, K. 1990. “Evolution of global ISDN in Japan.” IEEE TENCON'90: 1990 IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computer and Communication Systems. Conference Proceedings, 2, 847-848. doi: 10.1109/TENCON.1990.152734.
Plan Nacional de Telecomunicaciones (1991-2002). 1992. 1, 42.
Roach, Stephen S. 1987. America's technology dilemma: a profile of the information economy. New York: Morgan Stanley.Ronayne, John. 1997. Integrated Services Digital Network: From Concept to Application. London-New York: CRC Press.
Rosenberg, Nathan. 1982. Inside the Black Box. Technology and Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shibata, Tsutomu, editor. 2006. Japan, Moving Toward a More Advanced Knowledge Economy, 1: Assessment and Lessons. Washington: World Bank Publications.
Solow, Robert M. 1987. “We’d better watch out.” New York Times Book Review (July 12): 36.
Staal, Peter van der, Volker Grassmuck, and Keiko Hatta. 1995 “ISDN in Japan: Actors, status and expectations.” Telecommunications Policy 19(7): 531-544. doi: 10.1016/0308-5961(95)00030-A.
Telefónica. 1984. Memoria.
Telefónica. 1985. Memoria.
Telefónica. 1986. Memoria.
Telefónica. 1987. Memoria.
Telefónica. 1992. Informe anual.
Telefónica. 1997. Informe anual.
Telefónica. 1983. Minutes of the Executive Committee, May 25.
Telefónica. 1997. Minutes of the Board of Directors, March 19.
Thachenkary, Cherian S. 1993. “Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN): six case study assessments of a commercial implementation.” Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 25(8): 921-932.
Ungerer, Herbert, Cor Berben and P. Scott. 1991. Telecommunications for Europe 1992: The CEC Sources. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Unesco. 2000. Informe mundial sobre la comunicación y la información, 1999-2000. Paris: Unesco-Cindoc.
Zolait, A. H. Saleh. 2013. Technology Diffusion and Adoption: Global Complexity, Global Innovation. Hershey PA: IGI Global.
