Despossessió simbòlica de la pesca artesanal: les imitacions de les polítiques de sostenibilitat a Xile entre 1974 i 2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2022.26.36809Paraules clau:
Sobreexplotació pesquera; coevolució; sistema ecològic; sostenibilitat; despossessióResum
La crisi de les captures pesqueres que afecta les comunitats artesanals és un fenomen complex causat per transformacions climàtiques, canvis en el comportament dels oceans i la sobreexplotació pesquera. La gestió pesquera sostenible estesa, a les darreres dècades, a molts països ha canviat la gestió dels recursos a partir de la regulació de la sobreexplotació i l’establiment d’un nou de desenvolupament de la pesca. A partir de l’estudi de dues localitats pesqueres de Xile i a través d’una metodologia qualitativa i enfoc sistèmic, s’analitzen els processos de despossessió dels darrers quaranta anys. Es conclou que, a més de la despossessió biofísica sobre les comunitats pesqueres tradicionals, es produeix un procés de despossessió immaterial i simbòlic sobre la pesca artesanal accentuat pel model neoliberal, que afecta la capacitat local, obstruint un projecte econòmic alternatiu vinculat al territori.
Referències
Acheson, James. 2018 "Fishing and Marine Resources". The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1326.
Altamirano-Jiménez, Isabel. 2017 "The sea is our bread: Interrupting green neoliberalism in Mexico" Marine Policy 80 (January), 28–34
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.015.
Armitage, Derek et al. 2017 "Communities, multi-level networks and governance transformations in the coastal commons". En Governing the coastal commons, editado por Derek Armitage, Anthony Charles y Fikret Berkes, 231-251. Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.43 24/9781315688480.
Armitage, Derek; Berkes, Fikret y Doubleday, Nancy- 2007 "Introduction: Moving beyond Co-Management". En Adaptive Co-Management: Collaboration, Learning, and Multi-Level Governance, editado por Derek Armitage, Fikret Berkes, y Nancy Doubleday, 1-19. Vancouver-Toronto Publisher: UBC Press.
Bailey, Gino; Ariza, Eduard y Casellas, Antonia. 2022. "Coevolutionary decoupling in artisanal fisher communities: A temporal perspective from Chile". Ecological Economics 197(March), 107423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107423.
Bailey, Kevin. 2018. Fishing lessons: Artisanal fisheries and the future of our oceans. Chicago.University of Chicago Press.
Bakker, Karen. 2007. "The “commons” versus the “commodity”: Alter‐globalization, anti‐privatization and the human right to water in the global south". Antipode 39(3): 430-455.
Bakker, Karen. 2010. "The limits of “neoliberal natures”: Debating green neoliberalism". Progress in Human Geography 34(6): 715–735.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510376849.
Barton, Jonathan y Fløysand, Arnt. 2010. "The political ecology of Chilean salmon aquaculture, 1982-2010: A trajectory from economic development to global sustainability". Global Environmental Change 20(4): 739–752.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.04.001.
Begossi, Alpina., et al. 2011. "Compensation for environmental services from artisanal fisheries in SE Brazil: Policy and technical strategies". Ecological Economics 71: 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.008.
Beitl, Christine. 2015. "Mobility in the mangroves: Catch rates, daily decisions, and dynamics of artisanal fishing in a coastal commons". Applied Geography 59: 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.008.
Benjaminsen, Tor y Bryceson, Ian. 2012. "Conservation, green/blue grabbing and accumulation by dispossession in Tanzania". Journal of Peasant Studies 39(2): 335-355.
Bennett, Nathan et al. 2018. "Coastal and Indigenous community access to marine resources and the ocean: A policy imperative for Canada". Marine Policy 87: 186-193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.10.023.
Bennett, Nathan et al. 2015 "Ocean grabbing". Marine Policy 57: 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.03.026.
Berkes, Fikret. 2008. Sacred Ecology, Second Edition, Londres: Routledge.
Blomley, Nicholas. 2016 ."The territory of property". Progress in Human Geography 40(5), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132515596380.
Bresnihan, Patrick. 2019 "The (Slow)Tragedy of Improvement: Neoliberalism, Fisheries Management & the Institutional Commons" World Development 120: 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.017.
Burton, Philip et al. 2003 "The current state of boreal forestry and the drive for change". En Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal Forest editado por Philip J. Burton, Christian Messier, Daniel W. Smith y Wiktor L. Adamowicz (Editor), 1-40. Canada: Canadian Science Publishing (NRC Research Press).
Botsford, Loius ; Castilla, Juan Carlos y Peterson, Charles. 1997. "The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems". Science 277(5325): 509–515.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.509
Camus, Pablo y Arias, Mauricio. 2020. "Pescadores artesanales y prácticas pesqueras a inicios del siglo XX. Entre el control estatal y la libertad de pesca". Estudios Atacameños, (64) 109–125. https://doi.org/10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2020-0006.
Camus, Pablo y Hidalgo, Rodrigo. 2017. “Y serán desplayados”. Recorrido histórico sobre los bienes comunes, pescadores artesanales y control legal del litoral en Chile". Historia Crítica, (63) 97–116. https://doi.org/10.7440/histcrit63.2017.05.
Camus, Pablo; Hidalgo, Rodrigo y Muñoz, Enrique. 2016. "Las disputas por el mar : bienes comunes , pescadores artesanales y pesca industrial . El caso de la caleta Cocholgüe en el litoral centro sur de Chile a mediados del siglo XX". Población & Sociedad 23(2): 91–114.
Carballo, Laura. 2021. "Responsabilidad social corporativa, litigación internacional y pesca responsable". En Pesca marítima y crecimiento sostenible: análisis en clave jurídica, editado por Francisca Fernández, 199-226. Barcelona: J.M. Bosch Editor. http://digital.casalini.it/9788412299991.
Chapin, Stuart et al. 2010. "Ecosystem stewardship: sustainability strategies for a rapidly changing planet". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25(4):241–249.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.008
Castilla, Juan Carlos. 2010. "Fisheries in chile: small pelagics, management, rights, and sea zoning". Bulletin of Marine Science 86(2): 221–234.
Castree, Noel. 2010. "Neoliberalism and the biophysical environment: a synthesis and evaluation of the research". Environment and Society 1(1): 5-45.
Dubik, Bradford et al. 2019 "Governing fisheries in the face of change: Social responses to long-term geographic shifts in a US fishery". Marine Policy 99: 243-251.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.10.032.
Ekins, Paul y Norgaard, Richard. 2006, "Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutinary Revisioning of the Future". The Economic Journal 105(431). https://doi.org/10.2307/2235177.
FAO. Anuario Estadísticas de pesca y acuicultura 2018. Disponible en
Internet :www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2016_USBcard/index.htm
FAO. Directrices voluntarias para lograr la sostenibilidad de la pesca en pequeña escala en el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria y la erradicación de la pobreza. 2015, Tc-Ssf, 39. Disponible en Internet: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4356s.pdf
FAO. Contribución de la pesca artesanal a la seguridad alimentaria, el empleo rural y el ingreso familiar en países de América del Sur 2016. Disponible en Internet https://www.fao.org/documents/card/es/c/73a42c2e-0429-4125-ad07-49b72ed78e15/
Franco-Meléndez, Milagros et al. 2021. "Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURF) in central-southern Chile Their sustainability status from a transdisciplinary holistic approach". Marine Policy 132(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104644.
Freeman, Edward¸Phillips, Robert y Sisodia, Rajendra. 2018. "Tensions in Stakeholder Theory". Business and Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650318773750.
Gelcich, Stefan et al. 2010 "Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(39): 16794-16799. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012021107.
Giordano, Mark. 2003. "The geography of the commons: The role of scale and space". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93(2): 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.9302007.
Harvey, David. 2005. A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship.
Institute of Marine Biology Fishing Project 2011. Oregon University Disponible en Internet http://thefishproject.weebly.com/artisanal-fisheries.html.
Jentoft, Svein¸Onyango, Paul y Islam, Mohammad. 2010. "Freedom and poverty in the fishery commons". International Journal of the Commons, 4(1) pp.345–366. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.157.
Kooiman, Jan y Bavinck, Marteen. 2005 "General Principles: The governance perspective" En Fish for Life. Interactive governance for fisheries, editado por Jan Kooiman, Maarten Bavinck, Roger Pullin y Svein Jentoft, 590–596. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ Press. DOI:10.5117/9789053566862.
Kvale, Steinar. 2011 "Enhancing interview quality". en Doing interviews, editado por SAGE publications Ltda, London, Sage 136-145 https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208963.
León Estrada, Xochitl. 2022. "Enmarcando el Desarrollo y la Sustentabilidad desde la Antropología y la Cultura". Interconectando Saberes 13: 141–150.
https://doi.org/10.25009/is.v0i13.2722.
Mackenzie, Clyde. 2001. "The fisheries for mangrove cockles, Anadaraspp., from Mexico to Peru, with descriptions of their habitats and biology, the Fishermen’s lives, and the effects of shrimp farming". Marine Fisheries Review 63(1): 1-39.
Malm, Andreas aynd Esmailian, Shoas. 2012. "Doubly dispossessed by accumulation: Egyptian fishing communities between enclosed lakes and a rising sea". Review of African Political Economy 39(133): 408–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2012.710838.
Mansfield, Becky. 2004. "Neoliberalism in the oceans: “Rationalization,” property rights, and the commons question". Geoforum 35(3): 313–326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.05.002.
Mansfield, Becky. 2007. "Property, markets, and dispossession: the Western Alaska community development quota as neoliberalism, social justice, both, and neither". Antipode 39(3): 479-499.
St. Martin, Kevin. 200.5 "Mapping economic diversity in the First World : the case of fisheries" Environment and Planning A, 37(6): 959-979. https://doi.org/10.1068/a36296.
St. Martin, Kevin. 2007. "The Difference that Class Makes: Neoliberalization and Non-Capitalism in the Fishing Industry of New England". Antipode 39(3), 527–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00538.x
Martinez-Alier, Joan; Sejenovich, Héctor y Baund, Michel. 2014. "El ambientalismo y ecologismo latinoamericano". En Governanza Ambiental en America Latina , editado por Fabio de Castro, Barbara Hogenboom y Michiel Baud, 39-72. Ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires: CLACSO.
Maturana, Humberto y Varela, Francisco. 1984. El árbol del conocimiento. Santiago de Chile: Lumen Editorial Universitaria.
Melnychuk, Michael et al. 2021. "Identifying management actions that promote sustainable fisheries". Nature Sustainability 4(5): 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00668-1.
Mitchell, Carlyle. 1997. "Fisheries management in the Grand Banks, 1980–1992 and the straddling stock issue". Marine Policy 21(1): 97-109.
Moss, Timothy. 2014. "Spatiality of the commons". International Journal of the Commons 8(2): 457–471. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.556.
Nahuelhual, Laura et al. 2018. "On super fishers and black capture: Images of illegal fishing in artisanal fisheries of southern Chile". Marine Policy 95: 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.06.020.
Nenadović, Mateja; Basurto, Xavier y Weaver, Amy. 2016 "Contribution of Subsidies and Participatory Governance to Fishers’ Adaptive Capacity". Journal of Environment and Development 25(4): 426–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496516670448.
Nunan, Fiona et al. 2018. "Compliance, corruption and co-management: how corruption fuels illegalities and undermines the legitimacy of fisheries co-management" International Journal of the Commons 12(2): 58-79. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.827.
Ocampo, Patricia. 2006. "Mangroves, people and cockles: impacts of the shrimp-farming industry on mangrove communities in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador" en Environment and livelihoods in Tropical Coastal Zones: managing agriculture-fishery-aquaculture conflicts, editado por Chu Thai Hoanh, To Tuong, John Gowing y Bill Hardy, 140-153. Newcastle: CABI. 10.1079/9781845931070.0140 .
Oestreich, William., et al. 2019. "The impact of environmental change on small-scale fishing communities: moving beyond adaptive capacity to community response" En Predicting future oceans, editador por Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor, William W.L. Cheung, Yoshitaka Ota, 271-282. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817945-1.00027-7.
Olson, Julia. 2011. "Understanding and contextualizing social impacts from the privatization of fisheries: An overview". Ocean and Coastal Management 54(5): 353–363.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.02.002.
Percy, Jeremy y O’riordan, Brian. 2020. "The EU Common Fisheries Policy and Small-Scale Fisheries: A Forgotten Fleet Fighting for Recognition". Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe: Status, Resilience and Governance, 23: 23.
Pereiro, Javier. 2007. "El difícil equilibrio entre el recurso y su explotación". La revista del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente 62 (2007): 36-41.
Pinkerton, Evelyn. 2015 "The role of moral economy in two British Columbia fisheries: Confronting neoliberal policies". Marine Policy 61: 410–419.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.04.009.
Pinkerton, Evelyn. 2017 "Hegemony and resistance: Disturbing patterns and hopeful signs in the impact of neoliberal policies on small-scale fisheries around the world". Marine Policy 80(November): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.11.012.
Pinkerton, Evelyn y Davis, Reade. 2015. "Neoliberalism and the politics of enclosure in North American small-scale fisheries". Marine Policy 61: 303–312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.03.025.
Porobic, Javier et . 2018. "Implementing Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management: Lessons from Chile’s experience". Marine Policy 97(September): 82–90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.037.
Redman, Charles; Grove, Morgan y Kuby, Lauren. 2004 "Integrating social science into the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network: Social dimensions of ecological change and ecological dimensions of social change" Ecosystems 7(2): 161–171.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0215-z.
Ribot, Jesse. 201.7 "Causa Y Responsabilidad: Vulnerabilidad Y Clima En El Antropoceno". Acta Sociológica, 73(May): 13–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acso.2017.08.002.
Saavedra Gallo, Gonzalo, Navarro, Magdalena 2020. "Pesca artesanal, economía e intermediación en litoral del sur austral chileno. Un análisis histórico-etnográfico con perspectiva latinoamericana (65), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2020-0021.
Sabatini, Francisco. 1994. "Espiral histórica de conflictos ambientales: el caso de Chile" Ambiente y Desarrollo, 15–22. Disponible en internet
http://cipmachile.com/web/200.75.6.169/RAD/1994/4_Sabatini.pdf.
Sabatini, Francisco; Mena, Francisco y Vergara, Patricio. 1996. "Otra vuelta a la espiral: El conflicto ambiental de Puchuncaví bajo democracia". Ambiente y Desarrollo 4: 30–40. Disponible en internet: https://www.nomascarbon.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/el-conflicto-ambiental-de-puchuncavi.pdf.
Santos Thykjaer, Vinni et al. 2019. "Long-term changes in fishery resources of an estuary in southwestern Atlantic according to local ecological knowledge". Fisheries Management and Ecology May: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12398.
Sassen, Saskia y Díaz, Francisco. 2018. "Sobre expulsiones". ARQ (Santiago) 98: 14–25.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-69962018000100014.
Schober, Elisabeth. 2018. "Between a Rock and a Stormy Place: From Overheating to Expulsion in Subic Bay (Philippines)". Ethnos 83(3): 473–488.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2016.1169204.
Schurman, Rachel. 2003. "Fish and Flexibility: Working in The New Chile". NACLA Report on the Americas 37(1): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2003.11724542.
Sneddon, Christopher. 2007. "Nature ’ s Materiality and the Circuitous Paths of Accumulation : Dispossession of Freshwater Fisheries in Cambodia". Antipode 39(1): 167-193.
Thornton, Thomas y Hebert, Jamie. 2015. "Neoliberal and neo-communal herring fi sheries in Southeast Alaska : Reframing sustainability in marine ecosystems". Marine Policy 61: 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.11.015.
Varela, Francisco. 2005. Conocer las ciencias cognitivas tendencias y perspectivas. Cartografía de las ideas actuales. Barcelona, Gedisa.
World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our Common Future, Oxford, University Press.
Young, Talia et al. 2019. "Adaptation strategies of coastal fishing communities as species shift poleward". ICES Journal of Marine Science 76(1): 93-103.
Descàrregues
Publicades
Número
Secció
Llicència
Drets d'autor (c) 2022 Gino Miguel Bailey, Antônia Casellas, Eduard Ariza
Aquesta obra està sota una llicència internacional Creative Commons Reconeixement 4.0.
Els autors que publiquen en aquesta revista estan d’acord amb els termes següents:
- Els autors conserven els drets d’autoria i atorguen a la revista el dret de primera publicació, amb l’obra disponible simultàniament sota una Llicència d'Atribució Compartir igual de Creative Commons que permet compartir l’obra amb tercers, sempre que aquests en reconeguin l’autoria i la publicació inicial en aquesta revista.
- Els autors són lliures de fer acords contractuals addicionals independents per a la distribució no exclusiva de la versió de l’obra publicada a la revista (com ara la publicació en un repositori institucional o en un llibre), sempre que se’n reconegui la publicació inicial en aquesta revista.
- S’encoratja els autors a publicar la seva obra en línia (en repositoris institucionals o a la seva pàgina web, per exemple) abans i durant el procés de tramesa, amb l’objectiu d’aconseguir intercanvis productius i fer que l’obra obtingui més citacions (vegeu
- , en anglès).
