Resilience during the pandemic in touristified territories
UUnequal impact of COVID-19 on the socio-economic fabric of the city of Barcelona
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2024.28.41118Keywords:
Overtourism, resilience, daily shops, COVID-19Abstract
The intensive development of tourist activity in urban spaces has induced notable transformations of the urban fabric, leading to phenomena such as the overspecialization of economic activities. Therefore, it has been possible to register a reconfiguration of the social relations of the resident population with its environment as well as a modification of the way in which it accesses basic goods and services.
This article explores the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on them from the unequal organization of the ground floor activities. Five axes of different neighborhoods in the city of Barcelona are studied. The main objective of the article is to analyze the resilience of these axes in two main aspects: (i) the capacity of the activities to last over time and, (ii) the permanence or not of the basic services and activities in the neighborhood.
Results reveal that those territories whose socioeconomic activity prior to COVID-19 was more diverse and had shops and daily services for the resident population, showed a greater capacity to adapt. Thus, they better resisted the socioeconomic impacts derived from the pandemic itself. The different degree of touristification as a relevant factor is highlighted to explain the various trajectories observed.
References
Adger, W. Neil, Terry P. Hughes, Carl Folke, Stephen R. Carpenter, y Johan Rockström. 2005. «Social-Ecological Resilience to Coastal Disasters». Science 309 (5737): 1036-39. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112122.
Agencia de Ecología Urbana. 2012. Certificación del Urbanismo Ecológico. Guía Metodológica para los Sistemas de Auditoría, Certificación o Acreditación de la Calidad y Sostenibilidad en el Medio Urbano.
Aguilera Ontiveros, Antonio, y Mayra Angélica Bárcenas Castro. 2014. «Medición de la diversidad comercial minorista en áreas urbanas a través del uso de los índices de Shannon-Weaver y de Ullman-Dacey». Estudios Geográficos 75 (277): 455-78. https://doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.201413.
Anguera-Torrell, Oriol, y Aurélie Cerdan. 2021. «Which commercial sectors coagglomerate with the accommodation industry? Evidence from Barcelona». Cities 112 (mayo): 103112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103112.
Barata-Salgueiro, Teresa, y Pedro Guimarães. 2020. «Public Policy for Sustainability and Retail Resilience in Lisbon City Center». Sustainability 12 (22): 9433. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229433.
Beckers, Joris, Simon Weekx, Philippe Beutels, y Ann Verhetsel. 2021. «COVID-19 and retail: The catalyst for e-commerce in Belgium?» Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 62 (septiembre): 102645.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102645.
Benítez-Aurioles, Beatriz. 2022. «Resiliencia del mercado turístico urbano ante la crisis de la COVID-19. El caso de Málaga.» Revista de Estudios Andaluces, n.o 43: 71-88. https://doi.org/10.12795/rea.2022.i43.04.
Berra-Sandín, Mikel. 2023. «Análisis espaciotemporal del comercio: dinámicas pre y post-COVID en Gros, San Sebastián». ZARCH, n.o 19 (febrero): 88-101. https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2022196932.
Blanco-Romero, Asunción, y Macià Blázquez-Salom. 2021. «Inland Territorial and Tourism Resilience in a Polarized World». En New Metropolitan Perspectives. NMP 2020. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 178 editado por Carmelina Bevilacqua, Francesco Calabrò y Lucia Della Spina,1886-96. Springer Nature. Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48279-4_178
Blázquez-Salom, Macià, Asunción Blanco-Romero, Jaume Gual Carbonell, y Ivan Murray. 2019. «Tourist gentrification of retail shops in Palma (Majorca)» En Overtourism: excesses, discontents and measures in travel and tourism, editado por Claudio Milano, Joseph. M. Cheer y Marina Novelli. CABI BOOKS, Oxfordshire, 39-69. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786399823.0039
Brand, Fridolin Simon, y Kurl Jax. 2007. «Focusing the Meaning(s) of Resilience: Resilience as a Descriptive Concept and a Boundary Object». Ecology and Society 12. https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art23/.
Brenner, Neil, y Christian Schmid 2012. «Planetary Urbanization». En Urban Constellations editado por Matthew Gandy. Jovis, Berlín, pp. 10-13.
Brenner, Neil. 2013. (ed.). Implosions/Explosions: Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization. Jovis, Berlin. 576 pp.
Che, Jihyun, Jae Seung Lee, y Saehoon Kim. 2023. «How has COVID-19 impacted the economic resilience of retail clusters?: Examining the difference between neighborhood-level and district-level retail clusters». Cities 140 (septiembre): 104457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104457.
Davidson, Debra J. 2010. «The Applicability of the Concept of Resilience to Social Systems: Some Sources of Optimism and Nagging Doubts». Society & Natural Resources 23 (12): 1135-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941921003652940.
Davoudi, Simin, Keith Shaw, L. Jamila Haider, Allyson E. Quinlan, Garry D. Peterson, Cathy Wilkinson, Hartmut Fünfgeld, Darryn McEvoy, Libby Porter, y Simin Davoudi. 2012. «Resilience: A Bridging Concept or a Dead End? “Reframing” Resilience: Challenges for Planning Theory and Practice Interacting Traps: Resilience Assessment of a Pasture Management System in Northern Afghanistan Urban Resilience: What Does it Mean in Planni». Planning Theory & Practice 13 (2): 299-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124.
Etxezarreta-Etxarri, Aitziber, Julen Izagirre-Olaizola, Jon Morandeira-Arca, y Imanol Mozo Carollo. 2020. «Urban touristification in Spanish cities: consequences for the rental-housing sector in San Sebastian». Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 33 (1): 1294-1310. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1755878.
Frago, Lluís. 2021. «Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Retail Structure in Barcelona: From Tourism-Phobia to the Desertification of City Center». Sustainability 13 (15): 8215. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158215.
Glaeser, Edward L. 2022. «Urban resilience». Urban Studies 59 (1): 3-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211052230.
Guimarães, Pedro. 2022. «Tourism and Authenticity: Analyzing Retail Change in Lisbon City Center». Sustainability 14 (13): 8111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138111.
Hardaker, Sina, Alexandra Appel, y Sebastian Rauch. 2022. «Reconsidering retailers’ resilience and the city: A mixed method case study». Cities 128 (septiembre): 103796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103796.
Harvey, David. 2013. Ciudades rebeldes. Del derecho de la ciudad a la revolución urbana. Editado por Akal. Madrid.
Holling, C S. 1973. «Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems». Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4 (1): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
Holling, C. S. 2001. «Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological, and Social Systems». Ecosystems 4 (5): 390-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0101-5.
Izquierdo, Silvia Irene, Ane Miren Diez Alberdi, y María Isabel Camio. 2020. «Resiliencia en destinos turísticos. Un análisis de las ciudades de Tandil y Mar del Plata, Argentina frente a la COVID-19». Revista Pymes, Innovación y Desarrollo 8: 15-40.
Janoschka, Michael, y Jorge Sequera. 2014. «Procesos de gentrificación y desplazamiento en América Latina - una perspectiva comparativista». En Desafíos metropolitanos un diálogo entre Europa y América Latina, editado por Juan José Michelini. Libros de la Catarata, 82-104.
Jover, Jaime, y Ibán Díaz-Parra. 2020. «Gentrification, transnational gentrification and touristification in Seville, Spain». Urban Studies 57 (15): 3044-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019857585.
Lashgari, Yasaman S., y Sina Shahab. 2022. «The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Retail in City Centres». Sustainability 14 (18): 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811463.
Lefebvre, Henri. 1976. La revolución urbana. Editado por Alianza Editorial. Madrid.
———. 2013. La producción del espacio. Capitán Swing.
Lew, Alan A. 2014. «Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning». Tourism Geographies 16 (1): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2013.864325.
López‐Gay, Antonio, Agustín Cocola‐Gant, y Antonio Paolo Russo. 2021. «Urban tourism and population change: Gentrification in the age of mobilities». Population, Space and Place 27 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2380.
Martin, R. 2012. «Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks». Journal of Economic Geography 12 (1): 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr019.
Martínez Caldentey, María Antonia, Ivan Murray, y Macià Blázquez Salom. 2020. «En la ciudad de Madrid todos los caminos conducen a Airbnb». Investigaciones Turísticas, n.o 19 (mayo): 1. https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI2020.19.01.
Nanda, Anupam, Yishuang Xu, y Fangchen Zhang. 2021. «How would the COVID-19 pandemic reshape retail real estate and high streets through acceleration of E-commerce and digitalization?» Journal of Urban Management 10 (2): 110-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.04.001.
Observatori del Turisme a Barcelona. 2020. Informe de l’activitat turística. Barcelona. https://www.observatoriturisme.barcelona/sites/default/files/2020_IAT20.pdf
Ojeda, Antonio B., y Maxime Kieffer. 2020. «Touristification. Empty concept or element of analysis in tourism geography?» Geoforum 115 (octubre): 143-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.021.
Park, Sohyun, y Keumsook Lee. 2021. «Examining the Impact of E-Commerce Growth on the Spatial Distribution of Fashion and Beauty Stores in Seoul». Sustainability 13 (9): 5185. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095185.
Postma, Albert, y Dirk Schmuecker. 2017. «Understanding and overcoming negative impacts of tourism in city destinations: conceptual model and strategic framework». Journal of Tourism Futures 3 (2): 144-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2017-0022.
Ranjan, Ram. 2012. «Natural Resource Sustainability versus Livelihood Resilience: Model of Groundwater Exploitation Strategies in Developing Regions». Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 138 (5): 512-22. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000201.
Romero Renau, Luís, y Laura Lara Martín. 2015. «De barrio-problema a barrio de moda: gentrificación comercial en Russafa, El “Soho” valenciano». Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense 35 (1).
https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_AGUC.2015.v35.n1.48969.
Santos Izquierdo Bueno, Fatima, Mario Blanco Vilchez, Yolanda Romero-Padilla, y Enrique Navarro Jurado. 2022. «Los centros históricos en tiempos de COVID-19. Turismo y cambios en el tejido comercial del centro de Málaga». En XVI Coloquio de Geografía Urbana AGE.Málaga-Melilla.
Sequera, Jorge, y Jordi Nofre. 2018. «Shaken, not stirred: New debates on touristification and the limits of gentrification». City 22 (5-6): 843-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1548819.
Sevilla Buitrago, Alvaro. 2017. Neil Brenner. Teoría urbana crítica y políticas de escala. Espacios críticos, 9. Icaria. 296 pp. ISBN: 9788498887358.
Sommella, Rosario, y Libera D’Alessandro. 2021. «Retail Policies and Urban Change in Naples City Center: Challenges to Resilience and Sustainability from a Mediterranean City». Sustainability 13 (14): 7620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147620.
Suárez-Ponce, Diocles Boanerges, Pacheco-Delgado, Janeth, Matilde Flores-Urbáez, y María Amelia Bravo-Giler. 2022. «Efectos del COVID-19 en Portoviejo-Ecuador: Realidades y expectativas para el comercio autónomo y el turismo». Revista de Ciencias Sociales. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i1.37687.
Velastegui, Julia Desirée, Luis Alejandro Velastegui, y Manuel Fabián Moyon. 2019. «Monitoring Land Use Change for Gentrification in Soho (London), Using Geographic Information Systems and Google Street View». European Scientific Journal ESJ 15 (17). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n17p1.
Wachsmuth, David, y Alexander Weisler. 2018. «Airbnb and the rent gap: Gentrification through the sharing economy». Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (6): 1147-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18778038.
Weltevreden, Jesse W.J. 2007. «Substitution or complementarity? How the Internet changes city centre shopping». Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 14 (3): 192-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2006.09.001.
Yrigoy, Ismael. 2020. «El impacto del alquiler turístico sobre el alquiler residencial: abriendo (y cerrando) brechas de renta en el casco histórico de Palma.» Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, XXIV(635). https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2020.24.22643
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mikel Pau Casado-Buesa, Antonio López-Gay, Asunción Blanco-Romero
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autoría y otorgan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación, cin la obra disponible simultáneamente bajo una Licéncia de Atribución Compartir igual de Creative Commons que permite compartir la obra con terceros, siempre que estos reconozcan la autoría y la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Los autores son libres de realizar acuerdos contractuales adicionales independientes para la distribución no exclusiva de la versió de la obra publicada en la revista (com por ejemplo la publicación en un repositorio institucional o en un libro), siempre que se reconozca la publicación inicial en esta revista.
