Parques eólicos e rede natura: unha análise desde o marco da xustiza enerxética para o caso da serra do xistral

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2022.26.39404

Resumen

Galicia é un territorio cun forte desenvolvemento da enerxía eólica. A instalación de parques eólicos tivo lugar rapidamente afectando a espazos con relevancia ambiental. Este feito é especialmente importante no caso da Serra do Xistral, un espazo que forma parte da Rede Natura 2000 e que conta con hábitats prioritarios, especialmente os vinculados coas turbeiras. O presente traballo analiza, a partir do marco da xustiza enerxética, como foi o proceso de desenvolvemento eólico neste espazo natural facendo fincapé en dúas compoñentes do marco analítico: a xustiza procedimental e a xustiza distributiva. Deste xeito, o traballo identifica e caracteriza os parques eólicos que se atopan dentro do espazo protexido, estuda os procedementos e a participación pública nas avaliacións ambientais dos parques eólicos proxectados dentro da Serra do Xistral e discute sobre as implicacións ambientais das políticas públicas no desenvolvemento de parques eólicos na Rede Natura.

Citas

Andreas, Jan-Justus, Charlotte Burns, e Julia Touza, 2018. “Overcoming energy injustice? Bulgaria’s renewable energy transition in times of crisis”. Energy Research & Social Science 42: 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.02.020

Arenas, Marta, e María Vidal. 2012. “Valor añadido en el seguimiento ambiental: modelizando el patrón espacio-temporal de vuelo” En I Congreso Ibérico sobre energía eólica y conservación de la fauna Coordinador Antonio Román Muñoz, 50. Jerez de la Frontera: Fundación Migres. Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía.

Avila, Sofía. 2018. “Environmental justice and the expanding geography of wind power conflicts”. Sustainability Science 13: 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0547-4

Atutxa Ordeñana, Ekhi, Imanol Zubero Beascoechea, e Iñigo Calvo-Sotomayor. 2020. “El paradigma de lo común y la gestión de la energía en España: oportunidades para la convergencia entre diferentes”. Scripta Nova XXIV: 650. https://doi.org/10.1344/sn2020.24.30368

Bauwens, Thomas, Boris Gotchev, e Lars Holstenkamp. 2016. “What drives the development of community energy in Europe? The case of wind power cooperatives”. Energy Research & Social Science 13: 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.016

Breukers, Sylvia, e Maarten Wolsink. 2007. “Wind power implementation in changing institutional landscapes: an international comparison”. Energy Policy 35: 2737–2750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.004

Calvo-Iglesias, Silvia, Rafael Crecente-Maseda, e Urbano Fra-Paleo. 2006. “Exploring farmer’s knowledge as a source of information on past and present cultural landscapes A case study from NW Spain”. Landscape and Urban Planning, 78: 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.11.003

Cassell, Catherine, e Gillian Symon. 2004. Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. London: Sage Publications.

Colvin, R.M., G.B. Witt, e Justine Lacey. 2016. “How wind became a four-letter word: Lessons for community engagement from a wind energy conflict in King Island, Australia”. Energy Policy, 98: 483–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.022

Comisión Europea. 2020. Documento de orientación sobre los proyectos de energía eólica y la legislación de la UE sobre protección de la naturaleza. Bruselas: Comisión Europea. 18.11.2020

Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia-CNMC. 2021. Información mensual de estadísticas sobre las ventas de régimen especial. https://www.cnmc.es

Consellería de Medio Ambiente, Territorio e Infraestructuras-CMATI. 2014. Decreto 37/2014, de 27 de marzo, por el que se declaran zonas especiales de conservación los lugares de importancia comunitaria de Galicia y se aprueba el Plan director de la Red Natura 2000 de Galicia. Diario Oficial de Galicia de 31 de marzo de 2014.

Consello das Comunidades Europeas. 1992. Directiva 92/43/CEE do Consello de 21 de maio de 1992 relativa á conservación dos hábitats naturais e da fauna e flora silvestres. Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas de 22 de xullo de 1992.

Copena, Damián, e Xavier Simón. 2018. “Wind farms and payments to landowners: opportunities for rural development for the case of Galicia”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 95: 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.043

Copena, Damián. 2015. Enerxía eólica e medio rural: unha análise aplicada dos impactos socioeconómicos dos parques eólicos no mundo rural galego. Tese de Doutoramento. Vigo: Universidade de Vigo.

Copena, Damián, David Pérez-Neira, e Xavier Simón. 2019. “Local Economic Impact of Wind Energy Development: Analysis of the Regulatory Framework, Taxation, and Income for Galician Municipalities”. Sustainability 11: 2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082403

Dai, Kaoshan, Anthony Bergot, Chao Liang, Wei-Ning Xiang, e Zhenhua Huang. 2015. “Environmental issues associated with wind energy - A review”. Renewable Energy 75: 911-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.10.074

Delicado, Ana, Elisabete Figueiredo, e Luís Silva. 2016. “Community perceptions of renewable energies in Portugal: impacts on environment, landscape and local development”. Energy Research & Social Science 13: 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.007

Desholm, Mark. 2010. “Avian sensitivity to mortality: prioritising migratory bird species for assessment at proposed wind farms”. Journal of Environmental Management 90: 2672–2679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.02.005

Frate, Cláudio Albuquerque, Christian Brannstrom, Marcus Vinícius Girão de Morais, e Armando de Azevedo Caldeira-Pires. 2019. “Procedural and distributive justice inform subjectivity regarding wind power: A case from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil”. Energy Policy 132: 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.027

Gómez-Orellana, Luis, Boris Hinojo Sánchez, Marco Rubinos Román, Pablo Ramil-Rego, Javier Ferreiro da Costa, e Carmen Cillero Castro. 2014. “El sistema de turberas de la sierra de O Xistral como reservorio de carbono, valoración, estado de conservación y amenazas”. Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Sec. Geol. 108: 5-17.

Gross, Catherine. 2007. “Community perspectives of wind energy in Australia: The application of a justice and community fairness framework to increase social acceptance”. Energy Policy 35: 2727–2736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.013

Healy Noel, e John Barry. 2017. “Politicizing energy justice and energy system transitions: Fossil fuel divestment and a “just transition””. Energy Policy 108: 451-459 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.014

Heffron, Raphael, e Darren McCauley. 2014. “Achieving sustainable supply chains through energy justice”. Applied Energy 123: 435–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.12.034

Heffron, Raphael, e Darren McCauley. 2017. “The concept of energy justice across the disciplines”. Energy Policy 105: 658–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.018

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-IPCC. 2017. https://www.ipcc.ch

Izco-Sevillano, J., e P. Ramil-Rego. 2001. Análisis y valoración de la Sierra de O Xistral: un modelo de aplicación de la Directiva Hábitat en Galicia. Xunta de Galicia.

Jenkins, Kirsten, Darren McCauley, Raphael Heffron, Hannes Stephan, e Robert Rehner. 2016. “Energy justice: A conceptual review”. ‎Energy Research & Social Science 11: 174–182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004

Johansen, K., e J. Emborg. 2018. “Wind farm acceptance for sale? Evidence from the Danish wind farm co-ownership scheme”. Energy Policy 117: 413-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.038

Langer, Katharina, Thomas Decker, e Klaus Menrad. 2017. “Public participation in wind energy projects located in Germany: Which form of participation is the key to acceptance?”. Renewable Energy 112: 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.021

Levenda, A.M., I Behrsin, e F. Disano. 2021. “Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies”. Energy Research & Social Science 71: 101837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101837

Liljenfeldt, Johanna, e Örjan Pettersson. 2017. “Distributional justice in Swedish wind power development – An odds ratio analysis of windmill localization and local residents’ socio-economic characteristics”. Energy Policy 105: 648–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.007

Limpens, J., F. Berendse, C. Blodau, J.G. Canadell, C. Freeman, J. Holden, N. Roulet, H. Rydin, e G. Schaepman-Strub. 2008. “Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to globalimplications – a synthesis”. Biogeosciences 5: 1475–1491. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1475-2008

Martinez-Alier, Joan. 2009. “Social metabolism, ecological distribution conflicts, and languages of valuation”. Capitalism Nature Socialism 20(1): 58–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455750902727378

Masden, Elizabeth A., Anthony D. Fox, Robert W. Furness, Rhys Bullman, e Daniel T. Haydon. 2010. “Cumulative impact assessments and bird/wind farm interactions: developing a conceptual framework”. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.05.002

Marsden, Simon. 2018. “Protecting wild land from wind farms in a post-EU Scotland”. International Environmental Agreements 18: 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-017-9380-y

McCauley, D., Raphael Heffron, Hannes Stephan, e Kirsten Jenkins. 2013. “Advancing energy justice: the triumvirate of tenets”. International Energy Law Review 32(3): 107–110.

McCauley, Darren, Vasna Ramasar, Raphael J. Heffron, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Desta Mebratu, e Luis Mundaca. 2019. “Energy justice in the transition to low carbon energy systems: Exploring key themes in interdisciplinary research”. Applied Energy 233–234: 916-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.005

McKim, Courtney A. 2015. “The value of mixed methods research: a mixed methods study”. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 11(2): 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815607096

Moragues-Faus Ana M., e Dionisio Ortiz-Miranda. 2010. “Local mobilisation against wind farm developments in Spanish rural areas: new actors in the regulation arena”. Energy Policy 38: 4232–4240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.053

Mundaca, Luis, Henner Busch, e Sophie Schwer. 2018. “‘Successful’ low-carbon energy transitions at the community level? An energy justice perspective”. Applied Energy 218: 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.146

Pesch, Udo, Aad Correljé, Eefje Cuppen, e Behnam Taebi. 2017. “Energy justice and controversies: Formal and informal assessment in energy projects”. Energy Policy 109: 825-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.040

Pohl, Johannes, Joachim Gabriel, e Gundula Hübner. 2018. “Understanding stress effects of wind turbine noise – The integrated approach”. Energy Policy 112: 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.007

Presidencia. 2009. Lei 8/2009, do 22 de decembro, pola que se regula o aproveitamento eólico en Galicia e se crean o canon eólico e o Fondo de Compensación Ambiental. Diario Oficial de Galicia de 29 de decembro de 2009.

Prósper, Miguel A., Carlos Otero-Casal, Felipe Canoura Fernández, e Gonzalo Miguez-Macho. 2019. “Wind power forecasting for a real onshore wind farm on complex terrain using WRF high resolution simulations”. Renewable Energy 135: 674-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.047

Rasch, Elisabet Dueholm, e Michiel Köhne. 2017. “Practices and imaginations of energy justice in transition. A case study of the Noordoostpolder, the Netherlands”. Energy Policy 107: 607–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.037

Roddis, Philippa, Stephen Carver, Martin Dallimer, Paul Norman, e Guy Ziv. 2018. “The role of community acceptance in planning outcomes for onshore wind and solar farms: An energy justice analysis”. Applied Energy 226: 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.087

Saidur, R., N.A. Rahim, M.R. Islam, e K.H. Solangi. 2011. “Environmental impact of wind energy”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 2423–2430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.024

Simcock, Neil. 2016. “Procedural justice and the implementation of community wind energy projects: A case study from South Yorkshire, UK”. Land Use Policy 59: 467-477 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.034

Simón, Xavier, Damián Copena, e María Montero. 2019. “Strong wind development with no community participation. The case of Galicia (1995–2009)”. Energy Policy 133: 110930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110930

Slattery, Michael C, Eric Lantz, e Becky L. Johnson. 2011. “State and local economic impacts from wind energy projects: Texas case study”. Energy Policy 39: 7930–7940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.047

Smith, Jo, Dali Rani Nayak, e Pete Smith. 2014. “Wind farms on undegraded peatlands are unlikely to reduce future carbon emissions”. Energy Policy 66: 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.066

Songsore Emmanuel, e Michael Buzzelli. 2016. “Ontario’s Experience of Wind Energy Development as Seen through the Lens of Human Health and Environmental Justice”. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13: 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070684

Sovacool, Benjamin K., e Michael H. Dworkin. 2015. “Energy justice: Conceptual insights and practical applications”. Applied Energy 142: 435–444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.002

Toke, David. 2005. “Explaining wind power planning outcomes: Some findings from a study in England and Wales”. Energy Policy 33: 1527–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.01.009

Toke, David, Sylvia Breukers, e Maarten Wolsink. 2008. “Wind power deployment outcomes: how can we account for the differences?”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review 12: 1129–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.021

Turnheim Bruno, Frans Berkhout, Frank Geels, Andries Hof, Andy McMeekin, Björn Nykvist, e Detlefvan Vuuren. 2015. “Evaluating sustainability transitions pathways: Bridging analytical approaches to address governance challenges”. Global Environmental Change 35: 239-253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.08.010

Waddington, D. 2004. Participant observation. En: Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research editores Cassell C. e Symon G. 154–164. Londres: Sage Publications.

Wawrzyczek, Joanna, Richard Lindsay, Marc J. Metzger, e Fabien Quétier. 2018. “The ecosystem approach in ecological impact assessment: Lessons learned from windfarm developments on peatlands in Scotland”. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 72: 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.05.011

Wolsink, Maarten. 2007. “Planning of renewables schemes: deliberative and fair decisionmaking on landscape issues instead of reproachful accusations of non-cooperation”. Energy Policy 35: 2692–2704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.002

Zografos, Christos, e Joan Martínez-Alier. 2009. “The politics of landscape value: a case study of wind farm conflict in rural Catalonia”. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 41: 1726–1744. https://doi.org/10.1068/a41208

Descargas

Publicado

2022-04-01 — Actualizado el 2022-06-20

Versiones