Mind the Gap: How Media in Colombia Shapes the Gender Divide
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/jesb.42307关键词:
Gender bias, Migration, Digital media, text mining, discrimination, newspapers摘要
In this paper, we analyze the content of press articles to identify gender biases in the language used by the digital media in Colombia. We employ modern text mining techniques to collect and analyze newspaper publications that mention gender-related keywords and study them in detail. We also address gender biases towards migrants by analyzing news articles related to Venezuelan immigrants using a gender approach. Our findings indicate that newspapers refer to women using words related to their role as caregivers, while using words related to insecurity and crime when discussing men. Although positive terms and feelings are common when referring to both genders, negative ones are more frequently used when mentioning males, often focusing on aggressive behavior and police arrests. Articles about Venezuelan migrants focus on their migratory process, welfare, and labor conditions. However, we find gender biases. Pieces about women migrants frequently discuss poverty and sexuality, while those about men focus on illegality. Our study highlights the need to pay more attention to gender biases in the media, particularly regarding migrant populations.
Downloads
参考
Ajzenman, Nicolás, Patricio Dominguez, and Raimundo Undurraga. 2022. “Immigration, Crime, and Crime (Mis)Perceptions.” SSRN Electronic Journal, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4258034.
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, Cynthia Bansak, and Susan Pozo. 2021. “Refugee Admissions and Public Safety: Are Refugee Settlement Areas More Prone to Crime?” International Migration Review 55 (1): 135–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918320920192.
Anderson, Susan Heller. 1990. “Luis Gabriel Cano, was Awarded the 1990 Golden Pen of Freedom Prize Yesterday for Writing Courageously about Colombia’s Violent Cocaine Traffickers.”, The New York Times, Accessed January 27, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/27/style/chronicle-312190.html.
Anthias, Floya. 2012. “Transnational Mobilities, Migration Research and Intersectionality.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 2 (2): 102–110.
Arora, Diksha, and Codrina Rada. 2020. “Gender norms and intrahousehold allocation of labor in Mozambique: A CGE application to household and agricultural economics.” Agricultural Economics 51 (2): 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/ agec.12553.
Bell, Allan. 1995. “Language and the Media.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 15:23– 41.
Bittman, M., and J. Wajcman. 2000. “The Rush Hour: The Character of Leisure Time and Gender Equity.” Social Forces 79 (1): 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/79.1.165.
Bonilla-Mejía, Leonardo, Leonardo Fabio Morales, Didier Hermida-Giraldo, and Luz A. Flórez. 2020. The Labor Market of Immigrants and Non-Immigrants Evidence from the Venezuelan Refugee Crisis. Bogotá: Banco de la República de Colombia. https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1119.
Collins, Patricia Hill. (2015). Intersectionality’s definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. n.d. Historical background and context | Cancillería. Accessed August 10, 2023. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/historical-background-and-context.
Comisión de la Verdad. 2023. Desplazamiento Forzado [in es]. Accessed August 10, 2023. https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/violacion-derechos-humanos-y-derecho-internacional-humanitario/desplazamiento-forzado.
Crush, Jonathan, and Sujata Ramachandran. 2010. “Xenophobia, International Migration and Development.” Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 11 (2): 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452821003677327.
DANE. 2021. Boletín Técnico. Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo (ENUT) 2020-2021. Tech- nical report. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ENUT/Presentacion_ENUT_septiembre_diciembre_2020.pdf.
DANE. 2023. Encuesta Pulso de la Migración. Resultados 5ta Ronda. https://www.dane. gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/encuesta-pulso-de-la-migracion-epm.
DANE and Quanta. 2022. Toma de Decisiones y Poder de Negociación al Interior del Hogar. Technical report. DANE. https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/notas-estadisticas/mar_2022_nota_estadistica_toma_de_decisiones_nota.pdf.
Dehos, Fabian T. 2021. “The refugee wave to Germany and its impact on crime.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 88 (May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. regsciurbeco.2020.103640.
Desmond, Roger, and Anna Danilewicz. 2010. “Women are on, but not in, the news: Gender roles in local television news.” Sex Roles 62 (11): 822–829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9686-5.
Edwards, Nate. 2022. “Colombia’s Support for Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees” [in en]. Center on International Cooperation (September). Accessed August 16, 2023. https://cic.nyu.edu/resources/colombia-support-venezuelan-migrants-refugees/.
El Espectador. 2021. “El Espectador, entre los medios más leídos en Colombia,”. Accesed November 7, 2022. https://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/gente/el-espectador-entre-los-medios-mas-leidos-en-colombia/.
El Espectador. 2023a. “El Espectador: El Segundo Medio Digital Más influyente de Colombia,”. Accesed January 27, 2023. https://www.elespectador.com/tecnologia/elespectador-el-segundo-medio-digital-mas-influyente-de-colombia/.
El Espectador. 2023b. “Noticias de género.” https://www.elespectador.com/tags/genero/.
El Espectador. 2023c. “Noticias de Venezuela.” https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/venezuela.
El Tiempo. 2015. “Audiencia de El tiempo continúa en crecimiento”. Accesed June 15, 2023. https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-15907306.
El Tiempo. 2021a. “Denuncian caso de xenofobia contra venezolanos en supermercado.”. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/denuncian-xenofobia-contra-venezolanos-en-supermercado-carulla-594902.
El Tiempo. 2021b. “Los inquietantes señalamientos de Claudia López,”. Accesed March 7, 2022. https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/los-polemicos-mensajes-de-claudia-lopez-por-delincuentes-venezolanos-572715.
El Tiempo. 2021c. “Venezolanos cometen solo 2% de los hurtos en Bogotá,”. Accesed March 7, 2022. https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/venezolanos-cometen-solo-2-de-los-hurtos-en-bogota-572841.
El Tiempo. 2023a. “Género.”. Accesed March 7, 2022. https://www.eltiempo.com/noticias/genero.
El Tiempo. 2023b. “Venezuela. El análisis político, las noticias de último minuto y la coyuntura de Venezuela en ELTIEMPO.COM.”. Accesed March 7, 2022. https://www.eltiempo.com/noticias/venezuela.
Ferrara, Eliana La, Alberto Chong, and Suzanne Duryea. 2012. “Soap Operas and Fertility: Evidence from Brazil.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4 (4): 1–31.
Floro, María Sagrario, and Marjorie Miles. 2003. “Time Use, Work and Overlapping Activities: Evidence From Australia.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 27 (6): 881–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/27.6.881.
Franco, Juan Sebastián. 2021. “¿Los sospechosos de siempre? Efectos de la migración irregular en la criminalidad.” Desarrollo y Sociedad, 1(89), 57-92. https://doi.org/10.13043/DYS.89.2.
Freier, Luisa Feline, and Nicolas Parent. 2019. “The Regional Response to The Venezuelan Exodus.” ISBN: 0011-3530 Publisher: JSTOR, Current History 118 (805): 56–61.
Fundación Príncipe de Asturias. 2012. “Diario El Espectador y Diario El Tiempo, Premio Príncipe de Asturias de Comunicación y Humanidades 1987. https://web.archive.org/web/20120628221800/http://www.fpa.es/premios/1987/diario-el-espectador-y- diario-el-tiempo/.
Galindo, Jorge. 2021. “Migrantes venezolanos en Colombia: los datos que la xenofobia no cuenta.” El País. Accessed March 7, 2022. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-03-21/migrantes-venezolanos-en-colombia-los-datos-que-la-xenofobia-no-cuenta.html.
González, Angie K., and Carme Ferré-Pavia. 2023. “Colombian politicians and Twitter usage: on the path to gender parity.” Political Research Exchange 5 (1): 2218909.
Gutiérrez, Jeanfreddy. (2020). Venezolanos no son responsables del aumento del crimen en Colombia. ColombiaCheck. Accessed November 11, 2024. https://colombiacheck.com/chequeos/venezolanos-no-son-responsables-del-aumento-del-crimen-en-colombia.
Herrera-Idárraga, Paula, Ana Tribín, and GEDI-DANE. 2020. “COVID-19 Brechas de Género en el Mercado Laboral. Informe Sobre Ocupación. ¿Podría la Actual Crisis Aumentar la Brecha de Género en Ocupación? DANE. https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/genero/informes/Informe-ocupacion-genero-y-covid.pdf.
Ibánez, Ana María, Sandra V. Rozo, and Dany Bahar. 2020. “Empowering Migrants: Impacts of a Migrant’s Amnesty on Crime Reports.” IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series No. 13889. Available in https://docs.iza.org/dp13889.pdf.
Izaguirre, Lorena, and Matthew Walsham. 2021. “South-South migration from a gender and intersectional perspective: An overview.” Migration for Development and Equality Working Paper.
Jia, Sen, Thomas Lansdall-Welfare, and Nello Cristianini. 2015. “Measuring gender bias in news images.” WWW 2015 Companion - Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, no. October 2014, 893–898. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 2740908.2742007.
Jia, Sen, Thomas Lansdall-Welfare, Saatviga Sudhahar, Cynthia Carter, and Nello Cris- tianini. 2016. “Women are seen more than heard in online newspapers.” PLoS ONE 11 (2): e0148434. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148434.
Knight, Brian, and Ana Tribin. 2023. “Immigration and violent crime: Evidence from the Colombia-Venezuela Border.” Journal of Development Economics, 103039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.103039.
La Ferrara, Eliana. 2016. “Mass media and social change: Can we use television to fight poverty?” Journal of the European Economic Association 14 (4): 791–827.
La República. 2021. “Colombia, Perú y Chile, los países de la región que más migrantes vene- zolanos reciben.” Accessed March 7, 2022. https://www.larepublica.co/globoecon omia/colombia-peru-y-chile-son-los-paises-de-la- region-que-mas-migrantes-venezolanos-reciben-3137442.
Leiva, Ricardo, and David Kimber. 2022. “A persistent gender bias in Chilean press: the influence of journalist’s gender and editor’s gender.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 99 (1): 156–182.
Maghularia, Rita, and Silke Uebelmesser. 2019. “Do Immigrants Affect Crime? Evidence from Panel Data for Germany”. CESifo Working Paper, No. 7696. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/201922/1/cesifo1_wp7696.pdf.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2023. Principales diarios del país, January. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/colombia/nuestro-pais/diarios-pais.
Mohammad, Saif, and Peter Turney. 2010. “Emotions evoked by common words and phrases: Using mechanical turk to create an emotion lexicon.” In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 workshop on computational approaches to analysis and generation of emotion in text, 26–34.
Mohammad, Saif M, and Peter D Turney. 2013. “Crowdsourcing a word–emotion association lexicon.” Computational intelligence 29 (3): 436–465.
Nieman Foundation. 2009. “Louis Lyons Award for conscience and integrity in journalism: Journalists in Colombia.” https://nieman.harvard.edu/news/1990/05/1990-louis-lyons-award/ .
Observatorio Colombiano de las Mujeres. 2021. “La violencia contra las mujeres migrantes en Colombia: una frontera por superar,” https://observatoriomujeres.gov.co/archivos/publicaciones/Publicacion_187.pdf.
Otero-Cortés, Andrea, Ana María Tribín-Uribe, and Tatiana Mojica-Urueña. 2022. “The Heterogeneous Labor Market Effects of the Venezuelan Exodus on Female Workers: Evidence from Colombia.” Documentos de Trabajo sobre Economia Regional y Urbana
(311). https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12134/10459/DTSERU_311.pdf.
Prado, Paola, and Sallie Hughes. 2009. “Media diversity and gender (in) equality in Latin American broadcast news.” Paper presented at XXVIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Rio de Janeiro, June 11-14.
Quanta. 2022a. ¿Cómo se distribuye el tiempo de cuidado en Colombia entre cuidado remunerado y no remunerado? https://cuidadoygenero.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Infografi%CC%81as-3.pdf.
Quanta. 2022b. Políticas públicas con perspectiva de género enfocadas en el cuidado y el trabajo remunerado: ¿Qué puede servir? https://cuidadoygenero.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Politicas-publicas-Genero.pdf.
R4V. 2023. “Refugiados y migrantes de Venezuela | R4V.” Accessed August 16, 2023. https://www.r4v.info/es/refugiadosymigrantes.
Ramírez, Sebastián. 2021. “Así funciona la xenofobia contra migrantes venezolanos en redes.” Accessed March 7, 2022. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/gente/xenofobia-contra-venezolanos-en-colombia-asi-funciona-en-redes-sociales-572853.
Rivero, Pablo. 2019a. “Sí, pero no aquí: percepciones de xenofobia y discriminación hacia mi- grantes de Venezuela en Colombia, Ecuador y Perú.” Oxfam International Report. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/10546/620890/8/bp-si-pero-no-aqui-251019-es.pdf.
Rivero, Pablo. 2019b. “Yes, but not here. Perceptions of xenophobia and discrimination towards Venezuelan migrants in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.” Oxfam International Report. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/10546/620890/7/bp_yes_but_not_here_en_xenophobia-migration-venezuela-251019-en.pdf
Ross, Karen, and Cynthia Carter. 2011. “Women and news: A long and winding road.” Media, Culture and Society 33 (8): 1148–1165. https://doi.org/10. 1177/0163443711418272.
Shor, Eran, Arnout van de Rijt, Alex Miltsov, Vivek Kulkarni, and Steven Skiena. 2015. “A Paper Ceiling: Explaining the Persistent Underrepresentation of Women in Printed News.” American Sociological Review 80 (5): 960–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415596999.
Swert, Knut de, and Marc Hooghe. 2010. “When do women get a voice? explaining the presence of female news sources in belgian news broadcasts (2003-5).” European Journal of Communication 25 (1): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323109354229.
Torres-Vargas, Laura Carolina (2022). “Gender structured representations of the migrant Venezuelan women in Colombian and Venezuelan Newspapers during 2015-2020. (Master's thesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore County).
Tribín, Ana María, Alan David Gómez-Barrera, and Ana Pirela-Rios. 2022. Distribución del cuidado, roles de género y poder de negociación en Colombia: un análisis a partir de la ENUT 2020-2021. Informe Quanta – Cuidado y Género. https://cuidadoygenero.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Distribucion-cuidado-enut.pdf.
Tribín-Uribe, Ana María, Achyuta Adhvaryu, Cesar Anzola-Bravo, Oscar Avila-Montealegre, Leonardo Bonilla-Mejía, Juan Carlos Castro-Fernández, Luz Adriana Flórez, Ánderson Grajales-Olarte, Alexander Guarín-López, and Franz Hamann-Salcedo. 2020. “Migración desde Venezuela en Colombia: caracterización del fenómeno y análisis de los efectos macroeconómicos.” Revista Ensayos Sobre Política Económica; 97: 1-74.
Tribín-Uribe, Ana María, Alan David Gómez-Barrera, and Tatiana Mojica-Urueña. 2022. Informe Desigualdad Laboral: Migración Y Género. Informe Quanta - Cuidado y Género. https://cuidadoygenero.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ Desigualdad-laboral.pdf.
UNHCR. 2021. Temporary Protection Status in Colombia [in en]. Accessed August 17, 2023. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/89943.
UNHCR. 2023. Venezuela situation [in en]. Accessed August 10, 2023. https://www.unhcr. org/emergencies/venezuela-situation.
World Bank. 2019. “La migración venezolana, más allá de las fronteras.” Accessed March 7, 2022. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/region/lac/brief/la-migracion-venezola na-mas-alla-de-las-fronteras.
World Bank. 2021. Supporting Colombian Host Communities and Venezuelan Migrants During the COVID-19 Pandemic [in en]. Accessed August 16, 2023. https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2021/10/31/supporting-colombian-host-communities-and-venezuelan-migrants-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
World Bank. 2023. “Colombia” [in es]. Accessed August 22, 2023. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/programs/world-bank-support-to-the-venezuelan-migration/colombia.
Downloads
已出版
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
