The Extension of Legal Personhood in Artificial Intelligence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/rbd2019.0.27064Palabras clave:
personalidad legal, robots sociales, inteligencia artificial, robótica, ELSIs, tecnologías emergentesResumen
The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the main ethical, legal and social implications (ELSIs) concerning social humanoid robots that have their base in artificial intelligence (AI). The main dilemma highlighted touches upon the expansion of the concept of legal personhood, and the attribution of appropriate legal responses to govern the future proliferation of AI systems vis-à-vis social humanoid robots. The paper cautions on the need to carefully reflect on notions of personhood and human dignity for AI systems, balanced against the underlying representation of values and behaviors that may threaten to erode the human rights discourse. Additionally, it questions the wisdom of the broad expanse of the European legal response to the development and use of AI systems.
Citas
‘EU Member States Sign up to Cooperate on Artificial Intelligence’ (Digital Single Market - European Commission, 10 April 2018).
<https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-member-states-sign-cooperate-artificial-intelligence> accessed 21 February 2019.
BARROSO LR, ‘Here, There, and Everywhere: Human Dignity in Contemporary Law and in the Transnational Discourse’ (2012) 35 Comparative Law Review 331.
ČERKA P, GRIGIENĖ J and SIRBIKYTĖ G, ‘Is It Possible to Grant Legal Personality to Artificial Intelligence Software Systems?’ (2017) 33 Computer Law & Security Review 685.
CLYNES ME and KLINE NS, ‘Cyborgs and Space’ (1960) Astronautics 5.
DARLING K, ‘Extending Legal Protection to Social Robots’ (IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News, 10 September 2012).
<https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/extending-legal-protection-to-social-robots> accessed 14 August 2018.
DELVAUX M, ‘Report with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL))’ (European Parliament Committee on Legal Affairs 2017) Initiative- Rule 46 of the Rules of Procedures A8-0005/2017.
DYSCHKANT A, ‘Legal Personhood: How We Are Getting It Wrong’ (2015) University of Illinois Law Review 36.
‘European Commission Press Release: Member States and Commission to Work Together to Boost Artificial Intelligence “Made in Europe”’ 7 December 2018.
Futurism DG, ‘World’s First AI Citizen in Saudi Arabia Is Now Calling For Women’s Rights’ (ScienceAlert) <https://www.sciencealert.com/first-ai-citizen-saudia-arabia-womens-rights> accessed 14 August 2018.
GANDY M, ‘Cyborg Urbanization: Complexity and Monstrosity in the Contemporary City’ (2005) 29 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26.
GLENDINNING C, (1990) ‘Notes toward a Neo-Luddite Manifesto’ 6.
GOERTZEL B, ‘From Here to Human-Level Artificial General Intelligence in Four (Not All That) Simple Steps’ (Singularity Hub, 22 July 2018).
<https://singularityhub.com/2018/07/22/from-here-to-human-level-artificial-general-intelligence-in-four-not-all-that-simple-steps/> accessed 17 August 2018.
HANSON D, (2005) ‘Upending the Uncanny Valley’ 8.
HARAWAY DJ, ‘A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century’ in Neil Badmington (ed), Posthumanism (Macmillan Education UK 2000) <http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-137-05194-3_10> accessed 27 March 2018.
HART R, ‘Saudi Arabia’s Robot Citizen Is Eroding Human Rights’ (Quartz)
<https://qz.com/1205017/saudi-arabias-robot-citizen-is-eroding-human-rights/> accessed 13 August 2018.
KLEEMAN J, ‘The Race to Build the World’s First Sex Robot’ The Guardian (27 April 2017) <http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/27/race-to-build-world-first-sex-robot> accessed 8 March 2018.
LEENES R and others, ‘Regulatory Challenges of Robotics: Some Guidelines for Addressing Legal and Ethical Issues’ (2017) 9 Law, Innovation and Technology 1.
MICHALCZAK R, ‘Animals’ Race Against the Machines’ in Tomasz Pietrzykowski (ed), Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn (Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2017).
MORI M, ‘The Uncanny Valley: The Original Essay by Masahiro Mori’ (IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News, 12 June 2012).
<https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/the-uncanny-valley> accessed 14 August 2018.
NAGENBORG M and others, ‘Ethical Regulations on Robotics in Europe’ (2008) 22 AI & Society 349.
NEVEJANS N, ‘European Civil Law Rules on Robotics’ (European Parliament Directorate-General for Internal Policies 2016) Study for the JURI Committee PE 571.379.
NICHOLS G, ‘Sex Robot Molested, Destroyed at Electronics Show’ (ZDNet) <https://www.zdnet.com/article/sex-robot-molested-destroyed-at-electronics-show/> accessed 17 August 2018.
PIETRZYKOWSKI T, ‘The Idea of Non-Personal Subject of Law’, Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn (Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2017).
‘Realbotix’ <https://realbotix.com/> accessed 13 August 2018.
‘RealDoll’s First Sex Robot Took Me to the Uncanny Valley’ (Engadget)
<https://www.engadget.com/2017/04/11/realdolls-first-sex-robot-took-me-to-the-uncanny-valley/> accessed 14 August 2018.
‘Rise of the Robots: Mady Delvaux on Why Their Use Should Be Regulated | News | European Parliament’ (1 December 2017)
<http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20170109STO57505/rise-of-the-robots-mady-delvaux-on-why-their-use-should-be-regulated> accessed 9 August 2018.
ROBERTSON J, ‘Gendering Humanoid Robots: Robo-Sexism in Japan’ (2010) 16 Body & Society 1.
‘Safeguarding Human Rights in the Era of Artificial Intelligence’ (Commissioner for Human Rights) <https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/blog/-/asset_publisher/xZ32OPEoxOkq/content/safeguarding-human-rights-in-the-era-of-artificial-intelligence> accessed 15 August 2018.
‘Sex-Dolls Brothel Opens In Spain And Many Predict Sex-Robots Tourism Soon To Follow’ <https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2017/02/28/sex-dolls-brothel-opens-in-spain-and-many-predict-sex-robots-tourism-soon-to-follow/#13cc65c74ece> accessed 16 August 2018.
SHARKEY N and others, ‘Our Sexual Future with Robots’ (Foundation for Responsible Robotics, Hague Global Institution for Justice 2017) <https://responsible-robotics-myxf6pn3xr.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/FRR-Consultation-Report-Our-Sexual-Future-with-robots-.pdf> accessed 17 August 2018.
‘Sophia Is a Humanoid Robot Created by Hanson Robotics, a Hong Kong Company Founded by David Hanson. – KUBRIS’ <http://kubris.com/en/2018/03/sophia-humanoid-robot/> accessed 13 August 2018.
‘Sophia the Robot Claims She Wants to Help Not Harm Humans’ (7 May 2018) <http://www.digitaljournal.com/tech-and-science/technology/sophia-the-robot-claims-she-wants-to-help-not-harm-humans/article/521604> accessed 13 August 2018.
SPARROW R, ‘Robots, Rape, and Representation’ (2017) 9 International Journal of Social Robotics 465.
THOMAS A, ‘Super-Intelligence and Eternal Life: Transhumanism’s Faithful Follow It Blindly into a Future for the Elite’ (The Conversation) <http://theconversation.com/super-intelligence-and-eternal-life-transhumanisms-faithful-follow-it-blindly-into-a-future-for-the-elite-78538> accessed 16 August 2018.
TURING AM and COPELAND BJ, The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life, Plus the Secrets of Enigma (Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press 2004).
‘UNDP in Asia and the Pacific Appoints World’s First Non-Human Innovation Champion’ (UNDP in Asia and the Pacific) <http://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2017/11/22/rbfsingapore.html> accessed 14 August 2018.
‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (6 October 2015) <http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/> accessed 1 August 2018.
‘Visit Us’ (Bletchley Park) <https://bletchleypark.org.uk/> accessed 14 August 2018.
WATSON I, ‘How Alan Turing Invented the Computer Age’ (Scientific American Blog Network) <https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/how-alan-turing-invented-the-computer-age/> accessed 14 August 2018.
WELLE (www.dw.com) D, ‘Saudi Arabia Grants Citizenship to Robot Sophia | DW | 28.10.2017’ (DW.COM) <https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-grants-citizenship-to-robot-sophia/a-41150856> accessed 14 August 2018.
BVerfGE 75 [1987] Verfassungsgericht 369 1 BvR 313/85.
Commune de Morsang-sur-Orge v Societe Fun Production et MWackenheim [1995] Conseil d’Etat 136727, Cons Etat.
Pretty v the United Kingdom (Application No 2346/02) [2002] HUDOC (Fourth Section, European Court of Human Rights).Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Las/os autoras/es conservan los derechos de autoría de los artículos y autorizan a la Universitat de Barcelona a publicarlos en su Revista de Bioética y Derecho y a incluirlos en los servicios de indexación y abstracts, bases de datos académicas y repositorios en los que participa la revista.
Los trabajos publicados en la Revista de Bioética y Derecho están bajo la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento - NoComercial - SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional (by-nc-nd 4.0), que permite compartir la obra con terceros, siempre que éstos reconozcan su autoría, su publicación inicial en esta revista y las condiciones de la licencia. No se permite un uso comercial de la obra original ni la generación de obras derivadas.
