El embrioide y sus leyes. Una breve aproximación al contexto internacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/rbd2023.59.42742Palabras clave:
Warnock, Embrioide, Investigación, Ley, Células MadreResumen
En los últimos años el desarrollo de modelos in vitro con células madre humanas que simulan el desarrollo embrionario temprano ha vivido un gran progreso. Las dificultades para acceder a embriones humanos, la escasez de material embrionario y los desafíos técnicos, legales y éticos existentes sobre la investigación y experimentación con embriones humanos in vitro siguen siendo una barrera para avanzar en el conocimiento de la embriogénesis tras la gastrulación. Por ello distintos mecanismos celulares subyacentes a la formación de las líneas celulares en los seres humanos siguen siendo desconocidos. En el presente trabajo intentaremos reflejar varios de los aspectos que son motivo de incertidumbres jurídicas internacionales en relación con la investigación con embrioides como modelo experimental.
Citas
Aach, J., Lunshof, J., Iyer, E., & Church, G. M. (2017). Addressing the ethical issues raised by synthetic human entities with embryo-like features. ELife, 6, e20674. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20674
Act on Regulation of Human Cloning Techniques (Act No. 146 of 2000), n.o (Japan)146 (2000). https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/htc.pdf
Act on Regulation of Human Cloning Techniques -Law No. 146 of 2000. Japan, n.o 146 (2000). https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3790/en
Aguilera-Castrejon, A., Oldak, B., Shani, T., Ghanem, N., Itzkovich, C., Slomovich, S., Tarazi, S., Bayerl, J., Chugaeva, V., Ayyash, M., Ashouokhi, S., Sheban, D., Livnat, N., Lasman, L., Viukov, S., Zerbib, M., Addadi, Y., Rais, Y., Cheng, S., … Hanna, J. H. (2021). Ex utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis. Nature, 593(7857), Article 7857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03416-3
Amadei, G., Handford, C. E., Qiu, C., De Jonghe, J., Greenfeld, H., Tran, M., Martin, B. K., Chen, D.-Y., Aguilera-Castrejon, A., Hanna, J. H., Elowitz, M. B., Hollfelder, F., Shendure, J., Glover, D. M., & Zernicka-Goetz, M. (2022). Embryo model completes gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis. Nature, 610(7930), Article 7930. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05246-3
Appleby, J. B., & Bredenoord, A. L. (2018). Should the 14‐day rule for embryo research become the 28‐day rule? EMBO Molecular Medicine, 10(9), e9437. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201809437
Artículo 159 del Código Penal, Código Penal Español (1995). https://www.conceptosjuridicos.com/codigo-penal-articulo-159/
Assisted Human Reproduction Act, S.C. (2004, amended 2006, 2007, 2012, 2019, 2020) c. 2 (2006)., n.o Act, SC.c2, Canadá (2020). http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/A-13.4/FullText.html
Blackshaw, B. P., & Rodger, D. (2021). Why we should not extend the 14-day rule. Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(10), 712-714. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107317
Blasimme, A., Caminiti, D., & Vayena, E. (2020). The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification in Switzerland. En A. Boggio, C. P. R. Romano, & J. Almqvist (Eds.), Human Germline Genome Modification and the Right to Science: A Comparative Study of National Laws and Policies (pp. 409-438). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108759083.016
BOE-A-1995-25444 Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal., (1995). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25444
Boggio, A., Romano, C. P. R., & Almqvist, J. (2021). The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification (HGGM) at the National Level: A Call for Comprehensive Legal Reform. Law Reviews at Digital Commons Loyola Marymount University, 43(3). https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr
Bundesgesetz über die medizinisch unterstützte Fortpflanzung, 18 de diciembre de 1998 [Ley Federal Suiza sobre reproducción médicamente asistida], n.o RS 810.11 (1998). https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2000/554/20220701/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2000-554-20220701-de-pdf-a-1.pdf
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. (2018). “Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.”. Secretariat on Responsible Conduct of Research, ON, Canada. https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/iipj/article/view/7329
Carbonell, M. (Ed.). (2008). El principio de proporcionalidad y la interpretación constitucional. (V&M Gráficas). https://biblioteca.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/25613.pdf
Cavaliere, G. (2017). A 14-day limit for bioethics: The debate over human embryo research. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0198-5
Chan, S. (2018). How and Why to Replace the 14-Day Rule. Current Stem Cell Reports, 4(3), 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40778-018-0135-7
Chen, Y., & Shao, Y. (2022). Stem Cell-Based Embryo Models: En Route to a Programmable Future. Journal of Molecular Biology, 434(3), 167353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167353
CIBERER-BIOBANK. (s. f.). Recuperado 27 de abril de 2023, de http://www.ciberer-biobank.es/
Clark, A. T., Brivanlou, A., Fu, J., Kato, K., Mathews, D., Niakan, K. K., Rivron, N., Saitou, M., Surani, A., Tang, F., & Rossant, J. (2021). Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: Considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines.
Stem Cell Reports, 16(6), 1416-1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.008
DIRECTIVA 2006/17/CE DE LA COMISIÓN de 8 de febrero de 2006 por la que se aplica la Directiva 2004/23/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo en lo relativo a determinados requisitos técnicos para la donación, la obtención y la evaluación de células y tejidos humanos, n.o 2006/17/CE (2006). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006L0017
Cornwall-Scoones, J., & Zernicka-Goetz, M. (2021). Unifying synthetic embryology. Developmental Biology, 474, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.007
Fundamental Policy Regarding Handling of Human Embryos.[Council for Science and Technology Policy], (2004) (testimony of [Council for Science and Technology Policy]). https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/life/haihu39/siryo5-1-1.pdf (Ja pan).
Croydon, S. (2022). Reluctant Rulers: Policy, Politics, and Assisted Reproduction Technology in Japan. Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees, 32, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180122000603
De la Torre, J. (2016). La naturaleza del embrión humano: La fase de preimplantación, un debate abierto. Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica, 71(269), 1463-1478. https://doi.org/10.14422/pen.v71.i269.y2015.025
De Miguel Beriain. (2008). El concepto de embrión en la ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de investigación biomédica. En Adroher S, De Montalvo F, Corripop M, & Veiga A (Eds.), Los avnaces del derecho frente a los avances de la medicina. (pp. 991-1006). Aranzadi. https://philpapers.org/rec/BERECD-2
De Miguel Beriain, I. (2014). What is a human embryo? A new piece in the bioethics puzzle. Croatian Medical Journal, 55(6), 669-671. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2014.55.669
De Miguel Beriain, I., & Lacoz Moratinos, G. (2018). El Convenio de Oviedo, veinte años después de su firma. Algunas sugerencias de enmienda. Quaestio Iuris, 11(1), 445-460.
eCFR-Archivos Nacionales. (s. f.). The Code of Federal Regulations. Recuperado 5 de julio de 2023, de https://www.ecfr.gov/
Embryo Protection Act (1990, amended 2011) 2746 (in German) (1990), n.o 2746 (2011). https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/eschg/
Faltus, T. (2020). The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification in Germany. En A. Boggio, C. P. R. Romano, & J. Almqvist (Eds.), Human Germline Genome Modification and the Right to Science: A Comparative Study of National Laws and Policies (1.a ed., pp. 241-265). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108759083
Federal Act on Research Involving Embryonic Stem Cells (Stem Cell Research Act, StRA) (2003, amended 2005, 2014) 810.31, n.o 810.31 (2003). https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/20022165/index.html
German Ethics Council. Stem cell research. (2014). New challenges for the ban on cloning and treatment of artificially created germ cells? Deutscher Ethikrat. Berlin, Germany (2014). https://www.ethikrat.org/fileadmin/Publikationen/Ad-hoc-Empfehlungen/englisch/recommendation-stem-cell-research.pdf
Ghimire, S., Mantziou, V., Moris, N., & Martinez Arias, A. (2021). Human gastrulation: The embryo and its models. Developmental Biology, 474, 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.006
Girgin, M. U., Broguiere, N., Hoehnel, S., Brandenberg, N., Mercier, B., Arias, A. M., & Lutolf, M. P. (2021). Bioengineered embryoids mimic post-implantation development in vitro. Nature Communications, 12, 5140. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25237-8
Gottweis, H., & Prainsack, B. (2006). Emotion in political discourse: Contrasting approaches to stem cell governance in the USA, UK, Israel and Germany. Regenerative Medicine, 1(6), 823-829. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460751.1.6.823
Gruenbaum, B. F., Pinchover, Z. S., Lunenfeld, E., & Jotkowitz, A. (2011). Ovum donation: Examining the new Israeli law. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 159(1), 40-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.07.011
Guidelines on the Derivation and Distribution of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, n.o 156, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. (2009). http://www.lifescience.mext.go.jp/files/pdf/n743_00.pdf
Gupta, A., Lutolf, M. P., Hughes, A. J., & Sonnen, K. F. (2021). Bioengineering in vitro models of embryonic development. Stem Cell Reports, 16(5), 1104-1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.005
Hamidi, S., & Alev, C. (2022). In vitro models of pre- and post-gastrulation embryonic development. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 77, 101985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2022.101985
Harris, J. (2019). Guest Editorial: Mary Warnock-An Appreciation. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics: CQ: The International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees, 28(4), 582-583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180119000513
Harris, J. (2016, mayo 6). It’s time to extend the 14-day limit for embryo research. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/06/extend-14-day-limit-embryo-research
Hengstschläger, M., & Rosner, M. (2021). Embryoid research calls for reassessment of legal regulations. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 12(1), 356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02442-2
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, (testimony of HFEA). Recuperado 29 de abril de 2023, de https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/37/contents
HFEA. (2009). Human fertilisation and embryology authority (2009). HFEA Licence Committee. https://www.hfea.gov.uk/?wp-linkindex=12
Hyun, I., Munsie, M., Pera, M. F., Rivron, N. C., & Rossant, J. (2020). Toward Guidelines for Research on Human Embryo Models Formed from Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports, 14(2), 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.008
Ishii, T. (2020). The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification in Japan (pp. 441-468). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108759083.017
(Israel) Egg Donation Law SH (2010) 2242 p. 520 (2010)., (2010). https://fs.knesset.gov.il/18/law/18_lsr_300729.pdf
Israel: Law Prohibiting Human Cloning Amended. (2016). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2016-06-07/israel-law-prohibiting-human-cloning-amended/
Israel: Prohibition of Genetic Intervention Extended. (2009). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2009-10-20/israel-prohibition-of-genetic-intervention-extended/
Israel Public Health Regulations (Extra-Corporeal Fertilization), KT (1987) 5035 p. 978 (1987). (s. f.). GOV.IL. Recuperado 6 de julio de 2023, de https://www.gov.il/he/Departments/DynamicCollectors/gazette-official?skip=0&limit=10&BookletNum=5035&FolderType=3&PublishDate_to=1988-01-01
ISSCR. (2021). Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation. ISSCR. https://www.isscr.org/guidelines
Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida, Pub. L. No. Ley 14/2006, BOE-A-2006-9292 19947 (2006). https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2006/05/26/14
Ley 14/2007, de 3 de julio, de Investigación biomédica, Pub. L. No. Ley 14/2007, BOE-A-2007-12945 28826 (2007). https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2007/07/03/14
Lawford Davies, J. (2020). The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification in the United Kingdom. En A. Boggio, C. P. R. Romano, & J. Almqvist (Eds.), Human Germline Genome Modification and the Right to Science: A Comparative Study of National Laws and Policies (pp. 217-240). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108759083.008
Lovell-Badge, R. (2021). Stem-cell guidelines: Why it was time for an update. Nature, 593(7860), 479-479. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01387-z
Lovell-Badge, R., Anthony, E., Barker, R. A., Bubela, T., Brivanlou, A. H., Carpenter, M., Charo, R. A., Clark, A., Clayton, E., Cong, Y., Daley, G. Q., Fu, J., Fujita, M., Greenfield, A., Goldman, S. A., Hill, L., Hyun, I., Isasi, R., Kahn, J., … Zhai, X. (2021). ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2021 update. Stem Cell Reports, 16(6), 1398-1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.012
Macintosh, K. L. (Ed.). (2018). Future Laws and Regulations. En Enhanced Beings: Human Germline Modification and the Law (pp. 146-156). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108557818.010
Macintosh, K. L. (2020). The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification in the United States. En A. Boggio, C. P. R. Romano, & J. Almqvist (Eds.), Human Germline Genome Modification and the Right to Science: A Comparative Study of National Laws and Policies (pp. 103-128). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108759083.005
Marín Castán, M. (2021). Sobre el significado y alcance de los hitos más decisivos en el desarrollo de la bioética universal: El Convenio de Oviedo y la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la UNESCO. Revista de Bioética y Derecho, 52, 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1344/rbd2021.52.34845
Martínez, M. de la L. C. (2010). El principio de proporcionalidad terapéutica. Cirugía Plastica. https://www.academia.edu/22304328/EL_PRINCIPIO_DE_PROPORCIONALIDAD_TERAPEUTICA
Matthews, K. R., & Moralí, D. (2020). National human embryo and embryoid research policies: A survey of 22 top research-intensive countries. Regenerative Medicine, 15(7), 1905-1917. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme-2019-0138
Matthews, K. R., & Rowland, M. L. (2011). Stem cell policy in the Obama age: UK and US perspectives. Regenerative Medicine, 6(1), 125-132. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme.10.92
Matthews, K. R. W., Wagner, D. S., & Warmflash, A. (2021). Stem cell-based models of embryos: The need for improved naming conventions. Stem Cell Reports, 16(5), 1014-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.018
McCully, S. (2021). The time has come to extend the 14-day limit. Journal of Medical Ethics, medethics-2020-106406. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106406
McLaren. (1984). Where to draw the line. P Roy Inst. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=P+Roy+Inst&title=Where+to+draw+the+line&author=A+McLaren&volume=56&publication_year=1984&pages=101-121&
NHMRC. (2017). Directrices éticas sobre el uso de la tecnología de reproducción asistida (1.a ed.). NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/art
NHMRC Embryo Research Licensing Committee. (2021). NHMRC statement on iBlastoids (issued: 18 March 2021. Revised 20 December 2021.). NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/news-centre/nhmrc-statement-iblastoids
Nicol, D. (2020). The Regulation of Human Germline Genome Modification in Australia. En A. Boggio, C. P. R. Romano, & J. Almqvist (Eds.), Human Germline Genome Modification and the Right to Science: A Comparative Study of National Laws and Policies (pp. 543-567). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108759083.021
Nicolas Jimenez. (2022). Investigación con muestras biológicas y biobancos. En Manual de Bioderecho (Dykinson, p. 10079).
Nicolas, P., Etoc, F., & Brivanlou, A. H. (2021). The ethics of human-embryoids model: A call for consistency. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany), 99(4), 569-579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-021-02053-7
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2017). Human embryo culture: Discussions concerning the statutory time limit for maintaining human embryos in culture in the light of some recent scientific developments. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/
Oduncu, F. S. (2003). Stem cell research in Germany: Ethics of healing vs. human dignity. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 6(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022585217710
Pera, M. F. (2017). Human embryo research and the 14-day rule. Development (Cambridge, England), 144(11), 1923-1925. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.151191
Prohibition of Genetic Intervention (Human Cloning and Genetic Manipulation of Reproductive Cells• Israel;. Law 5759-1999, SH 47. Rev. 2004, SH 340; 2009, SH 233; 2016, SH 882. (2004). http://www.hinxtongroup.org/docs/Israel.html
Prohibition of Human Cloning for Reproduction Act (2002, amended 2017) 144 (2002)., n.o Act.144. www.legislation.gov.au/Latest/C2017C00306
Prohibition of Human Cloning for Reproduction and the Regulation of Human Embryo Research Amendment Act (2006) 172 (2006)., n.o Act.172 (2006).
www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2006A00172
Pullicino, P., Richard, E. J., & Burke, W. J. (2020). Mass Production of Human «Embryoid» Cells from Developmentally Frozen Embryos: Is It Ethical? The Linacre Quarterly, 87(3), 347-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0024363920926013
Redondo-García, A. (2022). La regla de los 14 días a debate: Un análisis crítico desde la bioética. Revista de Bioética y Derecho, 54, 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1344/rbd2021.54.35556
Reglamento (UE) n °536/2014 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 16 de abril de 2014 , sobre los ensayos clínicos de medicamentos de uso humano, y por el que se deroga la Directiva 2001/20/CE Texto pertinente a efectos del EEE, 158 OJ L (2014). http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/536/oj/spa
Rep. Pascrell, B. (2019). Text - H.R.1865 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (12/20/2019) [Legislation]. http://www.congress.gov/
Research Involving Human Embryos Act (2002, amended 2016) 145 (2002)., n.o Act.145 (2016). www.legislation.gov.au/Latest/C2016C00968
Revel, M. (2003). Human reproductive cloning, embryo stem cells and germline gene intervention: An Israeli perspective. Medicine and Law, 22(4), 701-732.
Rivron, N., Pera, M., Rossant, J., Martinez Arias, A., Zernicka-Goetz, M., Fu, J., van den Brink, S., Bredenoord, A., Dondorp, W., de Wert, G., Hyun, I., Munsie, M., & Isasi, R. (2018). Debate ethics of embryo models from stem cells. Nature, 564(7735), 183-185. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07663-9
Robertson, J. A. (2010). Embryo stem cell research: Ten years of controversy. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 38(2), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2010.00479.x
Rodriguez, S., Campo-Engelstein, L., Tingen, C., & Woodruff, T. (2011). An obscure rider obstructing science: The conflation of parthenotes with embryos in the Dickey-Wicker amendment. The American Journal of Bioethics: AJOB, 11(3), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2010.546472
Romeo Casabona. (2002). El Convenio de Derechos Humanos y Biomedicina (1a ed.). Comares. http://www.dykinson.com/libros/el-convenio-de-derechos-humanos-y-biomedicina/8484446255/
Rossant, J., & Tam, P. P. L. (2021). Opportunities and challenges with stem cell-based embryo models. Stem Cell Reports, 16(5), 1031-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.002
Sawai, T., Akatsuka, K., Okui, G., & Minakawa, T. (2022). The regulation of human blastoid research: A bioethical discussion of the limits of regulation. EMBO Reports, 23(10), e56045. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202256045
SC 2004, c 2 | Assisted Human Reproduction Act. Recuperado 29 de abril de 2023, de https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-2004-c-2/latest/sc-2004-c-2.html
Schutgens, F., & Clevers, H. (2020). Human Organoids: Tools for Understanding Biology and Treating Diseases. Annual Review of Pathology, 15, 211-234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032611
Seishoku Hojo Iryō no Teikyō nado Oyobi Kore ni Yori Shussei Shita Ko no Oyako Kankei ni Kan Suru Minpō no Tokurei ni Kan Suru Hōritsu. Japan, (2020).
http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/gian/203/pdf/s1002030132030.pdf
Sozen, B., Jorgensen, V., Weatherbee, B. A. T., Chen, S., Zhu, M., & Zernicka-Goetz, M. (2021). Reconstructing aspects of human embryogenesis with pluripotent stem cells. Nature Communications, 12(1), 5550. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25853-4
Stem Cell Act (2002, amended 2017) 2277 (in German) (2002)., n.o Act. 2277 (2017). www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stzg/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Tarazi, S., Aguilera-Castrejon, A., Joubran, C., Ghanem, N., Ashouokhi, S., Roncato, F., Wildschutz, E., Haddad, M., Oldak, B., Gomez-Cesar, E., Livnat, N., Viukov, S., Lokshtanov, D., Naveh-Tassa, S., Rose, M., Hanna, S., Raanan, C., Brenner, O., Kedmi, M., … Hanna, J. H. (2022). Post-gastrulation synthetic embryos generated ex utero from mouse naive ESCs. Cell, 185(18), 3290-3306.e25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.028
UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (1990, amended 2008) 37 (1990)., Act37 (2008). www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/37/contents
Veenvliet, J. V., Bolondi, A., Kretzmer, H., Haut, L., Scholze-Wittler, M., Schifferl, D., Koch, F., Guignard, L., Kumar, A. S., Pustet, M., Heimann, S., Buschow, R., Wittler, L., Timmermann, B., Meissner, A., & Herrmann, B. G. (2020). Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites. Science (New York, N.Y.), 370(6522), eaba4937. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba4937
Vianello, S., & Lutolf, M. P. (2020). In vitro endoderm emergence and self-organisation in the absence of extraembryonic tissues and embryonic architecture. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.07.138883
Warnock, M. (1984). Report of the committee of inquiry into human fertilisation and embryology (Vol. 9314). HM Stationery Office.
Wernig, M., Meissner, A., Foreman, R., Brambrink, T., Ku, M., Hochedlinger, K., Bernstein, B. E., & Jaenisch, R. (2007). In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature, 448(7151), 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05944
Wilson, D. (2011). Creating the «ethics industry»: Mary Warnock, in vitro fertilization and the history of bioethics in Britain. BioSocieties, 6(2), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2010.26
Yui, H., Muto, K., Yashiro, Y., Watanabe, S., Kiya, Y., Kamisato, A., Inoue, Y., & Yamagata, Z. (2022). Comparison of the 2021 International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) guidelines for «laboratory-based human stem cell research, embryo research, and related research activities» and the corresponding Japanese regulations. Regenerative Therapy, 21, 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reth.2022.05.002
Zheng, Y., Xue, X., Shao, Y., Wang, S., Esfahani, S. N., Li, Z., Muncie, J. M., Lakins, J. N., Weaver, V. M., Gumucio, D. L., & Fu, J. (2019). Controlled modelling of human epiblast and amnion development using stem cells. Nature, 573(7774), 421-425. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1535-2
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Marta Reguera Cabezas
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Las/os autoras/es conservan los derechos de autoría de los artículos y autorizan a la Universitat de Barcelona a publicarlos en su Revista de Bioética y Derecho y a incluirlos en los servicios de indexación y abstracts, bases de datos académicas y repositorios en los que participa la revista.
Los trabajos publicados en la Revista de Bioética y Derecho están bajo la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento - NoComercial - SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional (by-nc-nd 4.0), que permite compartir la obra con terceros, siempre que éstos reconozcan su autoría, su publicación inicial en esta revista y las condiciones de la licencia. No se permite un uso comercial de la obra original ni la generación de obras derivadas.