Educating the child's unconscious: A proposal for the primary school.

Authors

  • Joaquim Valls Morató Euncet business School

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1344/joned.v5i2.47589

Keywords:

neurological unconscious, character strengths, limiting beliefs handwriting, executive attention, stories, songs. Neuro-Calligraphic Programming

Abstract

Educating the child's unconscious is possible and recommended to improve the character and vital intelligence of boys and girls between 6 and 12 years old. A methodology is proposed that uses three tools, which in no case imply an increase in the economic budget of the schools, nor an extra investment of time on the part of teachers, given that they are usually already used in primary education: learn calligraphy, children's stories and ad hoc songs. It is intended to adapt the Neuro-Calligraphic Programming (NCP), for the re-education of the cognitive and emotional unconscious of adults for Primary School, with statistically significant results in the VIA Test of the 24 Character Strengths, which two of the most emblematic representatives of positive psychology, Martin Seligman and Cris Petersen, created in 2004 (1). The approach is based on the assumption that the brain and intelligence direct behaviour to solve problems that affect survival and well-being. This article adopts the notion of personality at three levels (2): temperament (genetically inherited), character (learned through experience and education), and chosen personality (trained to live intelligently). In addition to focusing on the education of conscious character, which represents only 5% of our thinking capacity, the «3C» method also and above all aims to educate the neurological unconscious of boys and girls, through the automation of habits. positive. The basal ganglia, which facilitate fine motor skills and the integration of thoughts and emotions, are crucial in this process. The hippocampus and thalamus are also taken into account to, respectively, rewrite the scripts of biography in those aspects that involve limiting beliefs, and redirect executive attention in those cases that are biased towards a dysfunctional negative vision.

Downloads

References

Marina JA. El cerebro infantil. Ariel. 2011.

Marina JA. La educación del caràcter. Eunsa. 2009.

Arthur J, Harrison T, Carr D, Kristjánsson K, Davidson I, Hayes D. Knightly virtues: Enhancing virtue literacy through stories: Research report. Jubilee Centre for Character & Virtues. 2014, p. 9. Disponible a http://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/userfiles/jubil

Bargh JA, Chartrand TL. The unbearable automaticity of being. Am Psychol. 1999; 54(7): 462-479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462.

Solms M, Turnbull O. El cerebro y el mundo interior. Fondo de Cultura Económica. 2004.

Damásio A. L’estrany ordre de les coses. Destino. 2020.

Kahneman D. Pensar rápido, pensar despacio. Debate. 2012.

Schacter DL, Benoit RG, Szpunar KK. El futuro de la memoria: Recordar, imaginar y el cerebro. Neurona. 2012; 76(4): 677-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001

Codina MJ. Neuroeducación en virtudes cordiales. Octaedro. 2015.

Wilson TD. Strangers to ourselves. Cambridge. Hardvard University Press. 2004.

Clarke DD, Sokoloff L. Circulación y metabolismo energético del cerebro. A: Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Fisher SK, Uhler MD (Eds.). Neuroquímica básica: aspectos moleculares, celulares y médicos, 6.ª edición, Lippincott-Raven. 1999, p. 637-669.

Hassin RR, Uleman JS, Bargh JA. The New Unconscious. Oxford University Press. 2005.

Naccache L. Le Nouvel Inconscient. Odile Jacob. 2009.

Freud S. The Ego and the Id. W.W. Norton & Company. 1923.

Knowlton BJ, Mangels, JA, Squire LR. A neostriatal Habit Learning System in Human. Science. 1996; 273: 1399-402.

Bayley PJ, Squire LR. Aprendizaje robusto de hábitos en ausencia de conciencia e independiente del lóbulo temporal medial. Nature. 2005; 436: 550-553.

Ospina-García N, Pérez-Lohman C, Vargas-Jaramillo JD, Cervantes-Arriaga A, Rodríguez-Violante M. Ganglios Basales y Conducta. Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia. 2017; 18(6).

Lange, K. W., Tucha, L., Walitza, S., Gerlach, M., Linder, M., i Tucha, O. Interaction of attention and graphomotor functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2005; 72: 249-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-27881-6_2215

Racine MB, Majnemer A, Shevell M, Snider L. Handwriting performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Neurology. 2008; 23: 399-406.

Li-Tsang CWP, Li TMH, Lau MSW, Ho CHY, Leung HW. Evaluación de la escritura a mano para distinguir el aprendizaje comórbidoRevista Internacional de Métodos de Investigación Psiquiátrica. 2018; 27(1), e1718. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1718

Cohen SC, Harvey DJ, Shields RH, Shields GS, Cheng S. Handwriting, ADHD, and medication effects. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2016; 123(5): 673-681. [DOI:10.1007/s00702-015-1494-7](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-015-1494-7

Tucha O, Tucha L, Walitza S, Sontag TA, Laufkötter R, Linder M, Lange KW. The effect of methylphenidate on handwriting in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2006; 113(5): 635-649. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0345-1.

Miller CJ, Marks DJ, Miller SR, Berwid OG, Kera EC, Santra A, Halperin JM. Brief report: Television viewing and risk for attention problems in preschool children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2007; 32(4): 448-452. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl035

Pliszka SR. Neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2007; 48(3-4): 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01663.x.ç

Amen DG. Cambia tu cerebro. Cambia tu vida. Sirio. 2011.

Bowton E, Saunders C, Erreger K, Matthies HJ, Sen N, Jensen T. Dysregulation of dopamine transporters via dopamine D2 autoreceptors triggers anomalous dopamine efflux associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neuroscience. 2010; 30(17): 6048-6057. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5016-09.2010

Spencer T, Biederman J, Madras B, Dougherty D, Bonab A, Livni E, Meltzer P, Martin J, Rauch S, Fischman A. Dysregulation of dopamine transporters in ADHD: A PET study using [^11C]Altropane. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2023; 64(5): 678-685. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.122.264330

Del Campo N, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Smith R, Brammer MJ, Bullmore ET. A positron emission tomography study of nigro-striatal dopaminergic mechanisms underlying attention: Implications for ADHD and its treatment. Journal of Neuroscience. 2013; 33(36): 14426-14434. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1547-13.2013

Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Jensen PS. MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013; 52(3): 263-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.007

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. Long-term effects of stimulant medications on ADHD symptoms, academic performance, and social adjustment. Journal of Clinical Psychia­try. 2013; 74(9): 902-917.

Houmann TBK, Kaalund-Brok KC, Clemmensen L, Petersen MA, Plessen KJ, Bilenberg N, Verhulst F, Jeppesen P. Efectos a largo plazo del tratamiento con estimulantes sobre los síntomas del TDAH, el funcionamiento socioemocional y la cognición. Medicina Psicológica. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172100123X

Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA. The serotonin theory of depression: A systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0

Goldberg D. La heterogeneidad de la “depresión mayor”. World Psychiatry. 2011; 10(3): 226-228.

Graybiel AM. Hábitos, rituales y el cerebro evaluativo. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2008; 7(6): 464-476.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn191938

Wood W, Neal DT. A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review. 2007; 114(4): 843-863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843

Yin H, Knowlton B. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006; 7:464–476. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1919

Tricomi E, Balleine BW, O’Doherty JP. A specific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2009; 29(11): 2225-2232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06796.x

Voorn P, Vanderschuren LJ, Groenewegen HJ, Robbins TW, Pennartz CM. Putting a spin on the dorsal-ventral divide of the striatum. Trends in Neurosciences. 2004; 27(8): 468-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.006

Smith KS, Graybiel AM. Habit formation. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2016; 16(1):11-27.

Duhigg C. El poder de los hábitos. Urano. 2012.

Marina JA. Los hábitos, clave del aprendizaje. Pediatría Integral. 2012; 16: 662.e1-662.e4.

Aristòtil. Ética para Nicómaco. Gredos. 2014.

Blakemore SJ, Frith U. The Learning Brain: Lessons for Education. Blackwell Publishing. 2005.

Ruiz H. Los secretos de la memoria. Penguin Random House. 2022.

Coue E. El Método Coué. Obelisco. 2006.

Bermúdez MC. Intervención en el aula para la mejora de la atención y el rendimiento en el alumnado de segundo nivel de educación primaria: eficacia de las auto-instrucciones y de la auto-observación (Doctoral dissertation, Universitat de València). 2015.

Kendall PC, Braswell L. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for impulsive children. Guilford Press. 1985.

Schunk DH, Rice JM. Enhancing children’s achievement through self-verbalization. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1987; 79(3): 296-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.79.3.296

Kross E, Duckworth AL, Ayduk O, Tsukayama E, Mischel W. When asking “why” does not hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science, 2011; 22(6): 709-712. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611405670

Meichenbaum D, Goodman J. Training impulsive children to talk to themselves: A means of developing self-control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2012; 81(1): 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031337

Meichenbaum D, Goodman J. Training impulsive children to talk to themselves: A means of developing self-control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1971; 77(2): 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030373

Cascio CN, O’Donnell MB, Tinney FJ Jr., Lieberman MD, Taylor SE, Strecher VJ, Falk EB. Self-affirmation activates brain systems associated with self-related processing and reward and is reinforced by future orientation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2015; 11(3): 558-565. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv136

Cascio CN, O’Donnell MB, Tinney FJ, Lieberman MD, Taylor SE, Strecher VJ, Falk, EB. Self-affirmation activates brain systems associated with self-related processing and reward and is reinforced by future orientation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2016; 11(4): 621-629. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv136

Belsky J, Beaver KM. Disentangling genes, attachment, and environment: A systematic review of the developmental psychopathology literature on gene–environment interactions and attachment. Development and Psychopathology. 2011; 23(1): 89-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000635

Van Assche E, Van Leeuwen K, Beyers W, Soenens B. Current and future perspectives on children’s genetic- and endophenotype-based differential susceptibility to parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2017; 26(2): 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0937-5

Squire LR, Zola-Morgan S. El sistema de memoria del lóbulo temporal medial. Science. 1991; 253 (5026). 1380https://doi.org/10.1126/ciencia.18

Sherman SM, Guillery RW. Explorando el tálamo y su papel en la función cortical (2ª ed.). MIT Press. 2006.

Valls J. Se puede educar el inconsciente cognitivo matemático. Cuadernos de pedagogía. 2020; 509: 94-100.

Valls J. Validación del Método “5L” de instrucción/aprendizaje de matemáticas. European Public & Social Innovation Review. 2024; 9: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-580

Valls J. Se puede educar el inconsciente emocional matemático. Cuadernos de pedagogía. 2022; 531: 87-93.

Valls J. Se puede educar conscientemente el inconsciente creativo. Cuadernos de pedagogia. 2024; 551: 11-15.

Cerrudo V, Valls J. Se puede educar el inconsciente cognitivo lector. Cuadernos de pedagogía. 2022; 528: 16-23.

Cerrudo V, Valls J. Se puede reeducar el inconsciente ortográfico. Cuadernos de pedagogía. 2023; 539: 16-23.

Valls J. La reeducación del individuo mediante el método grafotransformador. 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133081

Vopel KW. Praxis de la Psicología positiva. CCS. 2005.

Peterson C, Seligman M. Fortalezas y virtudes del carácter: manual y clasificación. Oxford University Press. 2004.

Valls J. Buenos días y buena letra. Viena. 2010.

Covey S. Els set hàbits de la gent altament efectiva. Paidós. 2009.

Rorgers V. Cambia tu escritura para cambiar tu vida. Urano. 1993.

Simón JJ. Cómo hacer anàlisis grafológicos. Martínez Roca. 1997.

Vels A. Escritura y personalidad. Miracle. 2004.

Cailà M, Valls J. Bona lletra i bona vida. Pòrtic. 2012.

Schneiderman EI, Desmarais G. Graphology and Personality: An Empirical Study on Validity of Handwriting Analysis. Personality and Individual Differences. 1988; 9(2): 243-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(88)90097-258

Beyerstein BL. Social and Cultural Aspects of Mental Disorders. A Preedy VR, Watson RR (Eds.). Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. Springer. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5

Dean G, Nordby VJ. Forensic graphology: Handwriting analysis as a pseudoscience. Forensic Science International. 2008; 178(2-3): 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.01.007

Dean G, Nordby VJ. Forensic graphology: Handwriting analysis as a pseudoscience. Forensic Science International. 2008; 178(2-3): 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.01.007

Tucha T, Tucha O, Lange KW. Graphonomics, automaticity and handwriting assessment. In Literacy studies: Perspectives from cognitive neurosciences, neuropsychology, and education Springer. 2008, p. 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74368-7_5

Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: Implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2008; 51(1): S225-S239. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018)

Davidson RJ. El perfil emocional de tu cerebro. Destino. 2019.

Bakker A, Van Balkom AJ, Van Dyck R. Comparing psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2011; 158(11): 1164-1166. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1164

Montessori M. La mente absorbente del niño. Diana. 1998.

Berninger VW, Richards T. Brain Literacy for Educators and Psychologists. Academic Press. 2002.

James KH, Engelhardt L. The effects of handwriting experience on functional brain development in pre-literate children. Trends in Neuroscience and Education. 2012; 1(1): 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2012.08.001

Fink RP, Sugarman J. Writing development and instruction for students with learning disabilities. Focus on Exceptional Children. 2010; 42(5): 1-16.

Graham S, Harris KR, Fink B. Is handwriting causally related to learning to write? Treatment of handwriting problems in beginning writers. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2005; 92(4): 620-633. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.4.620

Overvelde A, Hulstijn W. Handwriting development in Grade 2 and Grade 3 primary school children with normal, at-risk, or dysgraphic characteristics. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2011; 32(2): 540-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.027

Sahlberg P. Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland? Teachers College Press. 2011.

Marquardt C. Die Auswirkungen der Abschaffung der Schreibschrift auf die kognitive Entwicklung. Deutschlandradio Kultur. Recuperat de Deutschlandradio Kultur. 2016.

Coutts N. Should we stop teaching children joined-up handwriting? The Guardian. 2017, marzo 15. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/mar/15/should-we-stop-teaching-children-joined-up-handwriting

Valls J. Manual mente. Libros Cúpula. 2019.

Doyle AB, Connolly J. The role of storytelling in promoting social and emotional development in early childhood: An experimental approach. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2020; 51: 297-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.12.004

Vilarroya O. Somos lo que nos contamos. Ariel. 2019.

Anderson R, Richards P. Social-emotional learning through storybooks: A review of best practices. Social Development. 2019; 28(1): 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12345

White J, Rizzo M. Moral storytelling: The impact of children’s literature on character education. Educational Psychology. 2020; 40(3): 326-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1687268

Biemiller A, Boote C. Un método eficaz para desarrollar vocabulario significativo en los grados de primaria. Revista de psicología educativa. 2006; 98(1): 44.

Wasik BA, Hindman AH, Snell EK. Book Reading and vocabulary development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2016; 37: 39-57.

Willingham DT. La mente lectora: un enfoque cognitivo para comprender cómo lee la mente. Aptus. 2017.

Bein O, Reggev N, Maril A. Prior Kwowledge promotes hippocampal separation but cortical assimilation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1): 4590.

Campbell PS. Music in childhood: From preschool through the elementary grades. Thomson Schirmer. 2006.

Trehub SE, Unyk AM, Trainor LJ. Parents’ sung perormances for infants. Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1993; 47(3): 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078822

Campbell PS, Scott-Kassner C. Music in childhood: From preschool through the elementary grades. Schirmer. 2013.

Gunawan F, Zulaeha Z. Analysing character education values at SDIT Al-Qalam through song lyrics. In International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016). Atlantis Press. 2016. https://doi.org/10.2991/iconeg-16.2017.3

Schellenberg EG. Music and cognitive abilities. Current Dire. 2005.

Hargreaves DJ, North AC. The social psychology of music. Oxford University Press. 2017.

Gordon EE. A music learning theory for preschool and beyond. GIA Publications. 2016.

Saricoban A, Metin E. Songs, verse and games for teaching grammar. The Internet TESL Journal. 2000; 6(10). http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Saricoban-Songs.html

Herdiati D, Saputra D. Desarrollo de modelos de canciones para estudiantes de primaria de educación del carácter. Jurnal Seni Musik. 2022; 11: 12-18.

Downloads

Published

2025-02-13