Los orígenes de la educación formal y la desigualdad de género en Zambia, 1924-1990
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1344/rhiihr.44573Palabras clave:
Zambia colonial, misioneros cristianos, desigualdad de género, desigualdad regional, educaciónResumen
Este artículo examina los orígenes de la educación formal en la Zambia colonial y sus consecuencias a largo plazo para el nivel educativo y la desigualdad de género. Analizamos los efectos a largo plazo de la educación misionera combinando nuevos datos de panel referidos a la ubicación de las misiones y la matriculación en escuelas misioneras por género y sociedad misionera de 1924 a 1953, junto con datos contemporáneos del censo zambiano de 1990. Nuestros resultados son triples. En primer lugar, documentamos que, a pesar de la considerable expansión de la escolarización después de mediados de la década de 1930, la matriculación general seguía siendo baja y desigual entre sexos a finales del periodo colonial. Aunque las misiones protestantes proporcionaron un acceso más igualitario para ambos sexos que las escuelas católicas, fue insuficiente para eliminar la desigualdad general de género en la educación a finales del periodo colonial. En segundo lugar, observamos que la presencia histórica de los misioneros está asociada a un mayor nivel educativo después de la independencia. Documentamos que el impacto en los resultados educativos de una densidad misionera temprana fue menor en las primeras cohortes en comparación con los efectos más sustanciales de una densidad misionera tardía en cohortes posteriores, sin diferencias significativas entre la actividad misionera protestante y católica. En tercer lugar, observamos que la diferencia en años de educación entre hombres y mujeres se ha reducido después de la independencia, sobre todo en las zonas donde históricamente ha existido más actividad misionera.
Descargas
Citas
Adams, Melinda. 2006. ‘Colonial Policies and Women’s Participation in Public Life: The Case of British Southern Cameroons’, African Studies Quarterly, 8 (3): 1–22.
Akyeampong, Emmanuel, and Hippolyte Fofack . 2014. ‘The Contribution of African Women to Economic Growth and Development in the Pre-Colonial and Colonial Periods: Historical Perspectives and Policy Implications’, Economic History of Developing Regions, 29 (1): 42–73.
Alesina, Alberto, Sebastian Hohm ann, Stelios Mich alopoulos, and Elias Papaioannou. 2021. ‘Intergenerational Mobility in Africa’, Econometrica, 89 (1): 1–35.
Alpino, Matteo, and Eivind Moe Hamm ersmark . 2021. ‘The Role of Historical Christian Missions in the Location of World Bank Aid in Africa’, The World Bank Economic Review, 35 (1): 207–33.
Aurelien, Ningabo, Sanoh Ousmane, and Regean Pumulo Pitiya. 2022. ‘Zambia’s Copperbelt Area and Copper Mining: A Review’, Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 10 (3): 67–75.
Baten, Joerg, Michiel De Haas, Elisabeth Kempter, and Felix Meier zu Selhausen. 2021. ‘Educational Gender Inequality in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Long‐Term Perspective’, Population and Development Review, 47 (3): 813–849.
Baumert, Nicolai, and Jutta Bolt. 2021. ‘Breaking new ground: The expansion of formal education in Cameroon, 1850–1958’. Unpublished manuscript, Lund University.
Beck , Roger B. 2007. ‘All things to all people: Christian missionaries in early nineteenth century South Africa’. In Missions, States, and European Expansion in Africa, edited by Chima J. Korieh, and Raphael Chijioke Njoku, 11–34. New York: Routledge.
Becker, Bastian, and Felix Meier zu Selhausen. 2023. ‘Missionary Legacies of Gender Equality: Multidimensional Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa’. AEHN Working Paper 74. African Economic History Network.
Becker, Sascha O., and Ludger Woessmann. 2008. ‘Luther and the girls: Religious denomination and the female education gap in nineteenth‐century Prussia’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110 (4): 777–805.
Bolt, Jutta, and Dirk Bezemer. 2009. ‘Understanding long-run African growth: colonial institutions or colonial education?’, The Journal of Development Studies, 45 (1): 24–54.
Broadberr y, Stephen, and Leigh Gardner. 2022. ‘Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1885–2008: Evidence from Eight Countries’, Explorations in Economic History, 83: 101424.
Butler, Larry. 2007. Copper Empire: Mining and the Colonial State in Northern Rhodesia, c. 1930–64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cappelli, Gabriele, and Joerg Baten. 2021. ‘Numeracy Development in Africa: New Evidence from a Long-Term Perspective (1730–1970)’, Journal of Development Economics, 150: 102630.
Carmody, Brendan. 1999. Education in Zambia: Catholic Perspectives. Lusaka: Bookworld Publishers.
Central Statistics Offices. 1963. Census Report. Population Census Zambia 1963.
Chiseni, Michael Chanda. 2022. ‘Here I Am Send Me: The Historical and Long-Term Impact of Christian Missionaries in Zambia 1924–2018’. PhD Thesis, Lund: Lund University.
Chiseni, Michael Chanda. 2024. ‘The sins of the church: The long-term impacts of Christian missionary praxis on HIV and sexual behaviour in Zambia’, Economic History of Developing Regions, 39 (1): 49–81.
Crayen, Dorothee, and Joerg Baten. 2010. ‘Global Trends in Numeracy 1820–1949 and Its Implications for Long-Term Growth’, Explorations in Economic History, 47 (1): 82–99.
De Haas, Michiel, and Ewout Frankema. 2018. ‘Gender, Ethnicity, and Unequal Opportunity in Colonial Uganda: European Influences, African Realities, and the Pitfalls of Parish Register Data’, The Economic History Review, 71 (3): 965–994.
Deane, Phyllis. 1953. Colonial Social Accounting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frankema, Ewout. 2012. ‘The Origins of Formal Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Was British Rule More Benign?’, European Review of Economic History, 16 (4): 335–355.
Frankema, Ewout, and Felix Meier zu Selhausen. 2024. ‘Africa’s mineral transition in long-term perspective’, Mimeo. Utrecht University and Wageningen University.
Gadsden, Fay 1992. ‘Education and society in colonial Zambia’. In Guardians in their time: Experiences of Zambians under colonial rule, 1890-1964, edited by Samuel Chipungu, 97–125. London: MacMillan.
Gallego, Francisco A., and Robert Woodberr y. 2010. ‘Christian Missionaries and Education in Former African Colonies: How Competition Mattered’, Journal of African Economies, 19 (3): 294–329.
Gann, Lewis H. 1964. A History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953. London: Chatto and Windus.
Huillery, Elise. 2009. ‘History Matters: The Long-Term Impact of Colonial Public Investments in French West Africa’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1 (2): 176–215.
Jedwab, Remi, Felix Meier zu Selhausen, and Alexander Moradi. 2022. ‘The Economics of Missionary Expansion: Evidence from Africa and Implications for Development’, Journal of Economic Growth, 27 (2): 149–192.
Johnson, Hildegard Binder. 1967. ‘The Location of Christian Missions in Africa’, Geographical Review, 57 (2): 168–202.
Juif, Dácil, and Ewout Frankema. 2018. ‘From Coercion to Compensation: Institutional Responses to Labour Scarcity in the Central African Copperbelt’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 14 (2): 313–343.
Kelly, Michael J. 1999. The origins and developments of education in Zambia from Pre-Colonial Time to 1996: A book of notes and readings. Lusaka: Image Publishers.
Kudo, Yuya. 2017. ‘Missionary influence on marriage practices: Evidence from the Livingstonia Mission in Malawi’, Journal of African Economies, 26 (3): 372–431.
Leach , Fiona 2008. ‘African girls, nineteenth‐century mission education and the patriarcal imperative’, Gender Education in East, 20 (4): 335–347.
Lloyd, Cynthia B., and Paul Hewett. 2009. ‘Educational Inequalities in the Midst of Persistent Poverty: Diversity across Africa in Educational Outcomes’, Journal of International Development, 21 (8): 1137–1151.
Mantovanelli, Federico. 2013. ‘Christian missions, HIV and Sexual Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa’. Technical Report. Boston: Boston College.
Masaiti, Gift, and Joseph Chita. 2014. ‘Zambia: An Overview of Formal Education’. In Handbook on Education in Central and East Africa, edited by C. C. Wolhuter and C. Brock , 423–454. London: Continuum Books.
Meier zu Selhausen, Felix. 2014. ‘Missionaries and Female Empowerment in Colonial Uganda: New Evidence from Protestant Marriage Registers 1880–1945’, Economic History of Developing Regions, 29 (1): 74–112.
Meier zu Selhausen, Felix. 2019. ‘Missions, education and conversion in Colonial Africa’. In Globalization and the Rise of Mass Education, edited by David Mitch and Gabriele Cappelli, 25–59. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Meier zu Selhausen, Felix, and Jacob Weisdorf . 2016. ‘A colonial legacy of African gender inequality? Evidence from Christian Kampala, 1895–2011’, The Economic History Review, 69 (1): 229–257.
Meier zu Selhausen, Felix, and Jacob Weisdorf . 2023. ‘Gender Inequality and the Colonial Economy: Evidence from Anglican Marriage Registers in Urban British Africa’. AEHN Working Paper 74. African Economic History Network.
Meier zu Selhausen, Felix, Marco H. D. van Leeuwen, and Jacob Weisdorf . 2018. ‘Social Mobility among Christian Africans: Evidence from Anglican Marriage Registers in Uganda, 1895–2011’, The Economic History Review, 71 (4): 1291–1321.
Montgomery, Max 2017. ‘Colonial legacy of gender inequality: Christian missionaries in German East Africa’, Politics Society, 45 (2): 225–268.
Momb a, Jotham C. 1985. ‘Peasant Differentiation and Rural Party Politics in Colonial Zambia’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 11 (2): 281–294.
Nkosha, Dickson C, and Peggy Mwanza. 2009. ‘Quality of basic education provided by rural community and regular schools in the Northern province of Zambia’, Journal of International Cooperation in Education, 12 (1): 19–32.
Northern Rhodesia. Annual Educational Report, 1925–1933. Livinstone: Government Printer.
Northern Rhodesia. Annual Educational Report, 1934–1955. Lusaka: Government Printer.
Northern Rhodesia. Colonial Blue Book,. 1924–1933. Livinstone: Government Printer.
Northern Rhodesia. Colonial Blue Book, 1934–1948. Lusaka: Government Printer.
Northern Rhodesia. 1963. Triennial survey of African Education, Lusaka: Government Printer.
Nunn, Nathan. 2010. ‘Religious conversion in colonial Africa’, American Economic Review 100 (2): 147–152.
Nunn, Nathan. 2014. ‘Gender and missionary influence in colonial Africa’. In African Development in Historical Perspective, edited by Emmanuel Akyeampong, Robert Bates, Nathan Nunn, and James A. Robinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Okoye, Dozie, and Roland Pongou. 2024. ‘Missions, Fertility Transition, and the Reversal of Fortunes: Evidence from Border Discontinuities in the Emirates of Nigeria’, Journal of Economic Growth, 29 (2): 251–325.
Rotberg , Robert I. 1965. Christian missionaries and the creation of Northern Rhodesia 1880–1924. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Roome, William J. 1925. Ethnographic Survey of Africa: Showing the Tribes and Languages: Also the Stations of Missionary Societies. London: Stanford.
Snelson, Peter. 1974. Educational development in Northern Rhodesia 1883–1945. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia.
Ruggles, Steven, Catherine Fitch , Ronald Goeken, Patricia Kelly Hall, Miriam King, and Chad Ronnander. IPUMS International: Version 7.5 [Census of Population, Housing and Agriculture 1990]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2024. https://international.
ipums.org/international/. Central Statistical Office (Zambia). 1990 Census of Population, Housing, and Agriculture.
UNESCO. 2015. ‘Education for all global monitoring report regional overview: Sub‐Saharan Africa’. United Nations: UNESCO Publishing.
UNESCO. 2019. ‘Global education monitoring report, 2019: Migration, displacement, and education: building bridges, not walls’. United Nations: UNESCO Publishing.
UNESCO. 2024. ‘Pan-African Conference on Girls’ and Women’s Education’. United Nations: UNESCO Publishing.
Viera, P. A. 2007. ‘Christian missions in Africa and their role in the transformation of African societies’, Asian African Studies, 16 (2): 249–260.
Wantch ekon, Leonard, Marko Klašnja, and Natalija Novta. 2015. ‘Education and human capital externalities: evidence from colonial Benin’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130 (2): 703–757.
Whitehead, Clive. 2007. ‘The concept of British education policy in the colonies, 1850–1960’, Journal of Educational Administration and History, 39 (2): 161–173.
Woodberry, Robert D. 2004. ‘The shadow of empire: Christian missions, colonial policy, and democracy in postcolonial societies.’ PhD Thesis, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Revista de Historia Industrial — Industrial History Review
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
El/la autor/a cede los derechos al/la editor/a. Creative Commons
El/la autor/a que publica en esta revista está de acuerdo con los términos siguientes:
- El/la autor/a cede en exclusiva todos los derechos de propiedad intelectual al/la editor/a para todo el mundo y toda la duración de los derechos de propiedad intelectual vigentes aplicables.
- El/la editor/a difundirá los textos con la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite compartir la obra con terceros, siempre que éstos reconozcan su autoría, su publicación inicial en esta revista y las condiciones de la licencia.
