Medio ambiente, medios de comunicación y psicología moral. Sobre el potencial de la convergencia disciplinaria en una bioética animal post-pandemia

Autors/ores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1344/rbd2021.52.32202

Paraules clau:

COVID-19, bioética animal, ética ambiental, ética de medios, psicología moral, sesgos cognitivos

Resum

Desde los primeros meses de la pandemia de COVID-19 ha estado aconteciendo un llamativo fenómeno social: en diversos lugares del mundo grupos de personas procedieron a ahuyentar y/o exterminar colonias de murciélagos, suponiendo que dicha acción contribuiría a evitar posibles contagios cuando en realidad lo que hacía era empeorar la situación. Con el fin de analizar en profundidad este tipo de fenómenos sociales es necesario recurrir a disciplinas diversas como la ética ambiental, la ética de los medios de comunicación y la psicología moral. Según se argumentará en este artículo, un ámbito del saber que favorece la convergencia disciplinaria apropiada para abordar la complejidad de problemas como el recién mencionado, es una disciplina generalmente no muy visitada en las producciones vinculadas a la bioética general y a la ética animal, a saber, la bioética animal. En las conclusiones de este trabajo será posible evidenciar que esta disciplina muestra no sólo contribuir en el abordaje de las diversas aristas de problemas puntuales como la actual persecución de murciélagos, sino que beneficia un enfoque crítico a nivel meta-teórico y complementario a nivel transdisciplinario de ciertos puntos ciegos de las disciplinas interrelacionadas.

Biografia de l'autor/a

E. Joaquín Suárez-Ruíz, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.

Magíster en Filosofía por la Université Bordeaux-Montaigne (Francia). Licenciado y Profesor en Filosofía, y Profesor en Comunicación Audiovisual por la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina). Participa como integrante y colaborador en proyectos de investigación de la UNLP (FaHCE) y de la UBA (FCEyN). Su tema actual es el análisis de la normatividad en ética a la luz de la psicología moral contemporánea. Actualmente es becario doctoral en filosofía del CONICET.

Referències

Arslan G.; Yıldırım M.; Tanhan A.; Bulus M. & Allen, K.A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure (PREPRINT). International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00337-6

Banerjee, A., Baker, M. L., Kulcsar, K., Misra, V., Plowright, R., & Mossman, K. (2020). Novel insights into immune systems of bats. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 26.

Beauchamp, Zack. (2015). 'That viral shark attack video is everything we get wrong about sharks', MSN News, 23 July.

Block, David. (2019). Post-Truth and Political Discourse. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., Dhama, K., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020). Revisiting the one health approach in the context of COVID-19: a look into the ecology of this emerging disease. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 8(3), 234-237.

Brady, W. J., Crockett, M. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2020). The MAD model of moral contagion: The role of motivation, attention, and design in the spread of moralized content online. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(4), 978-1010.

Brand, C. (2016). Dual-process theories in moral psychology. Wiesbaden: Springer.

Buttke, D. E., Decker, D. J., & Wild, M. A. (2015). The role of one health in wildlife conservation: a challenge and opportunity. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 51(1), 1-8.

Cosentino, G. (2020). Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order: The Global Dynamics of Disinformation. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan.

Curmi A., 2005. Taking a bite out of fiction-Media effects and social fears. A case study on « Jaws ». Malta, University of Malta. 71 p.

Christians, C. G.; Fackler, M.; Brittain Richardson K; Kreshel, P. & Woods, R. H. (2017 [1983]). Media Ethics: Cases and Moral Reasoning. 10th ed. Nueva York: Routledge.

Cowell, M. (1993). Ecological restoration and environmental ethics. Environmental Ethics, 15(1), 19-32.

Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Nueva York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.

Davis, T., Goldwater, M. B., Ireland, M. E., Gaylord, N., & Van Allen, J. (2017). Can you catch Ebola from a stork bite? Inductive reasoning influences generalization of perceived zoonosis risk. Plos one, 12(11), e0186969.

de Waal, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics. Nueva York, Harper and Row.

de Waal, F. (1991). The chimpanzee's sense of social regularity and its relation to the human sense of justice. American Behavioral Scientist 34, 335-349.

de Waal, F. (1996). Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

de Waal, F., y Lanting, F (1997). Bonobo: The forgotten ape. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Dwyer, J. (2009). How to connect bioethics and environmental ethics: health, sustainability, and justice. Bioethics, 23(9), 497-502.

Ellwanger, J. H., Kulmann-Leal, B., Kaminski, et al. (2020). Beyond diversity loss and climate change: Impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92(1).

Evans, J. S. B. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59, 255-278.

Francis, Beryl. (2012). 'Before and after Jaws: changing representations of shark attacks', The Great Circle, 34: 44-64.

Fraser, D. (1999). Animal ethics and animal welfare science: bridging the two cultures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65(3), 171-189.

Frutos, R., Serra-Cobo, J., Chen, T., & Devaux, C. A. (2020). COVID-19: Time to exonerate the pangolin from the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 84, 104493.

Gazzaniga, M. S. (1985). The social brain. Nueva York: Basic Books.

Gollakner, R., & Capua, I. (2020). Is COVID-19 the first pandemic that evolves into a panzootic?. Veterinaria Italiana, 56(1), 11-12.

Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.

Gorbunova, V., Seluanov, A., & Kennedy, B. K. (2020). The World Goes Bats: Living Longer and Tolerating Viruses. Cell Metabolism, 32(1), 31-43.

Greene, J. (2013). Moral tribes. Nueva York: The Penguin Press.

Guyton, J. A., & Brook, C. E. (2015). African bats: Conservation in the time of Ebola. Therya, 6(1), 69-88.

Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108: 814-834.

Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. science, 316(5827), 998-1002.

Hodges, J. (2005). Ethics, morals and law relative to animals. En Marie, M., Edwards, S., Gandini, G., Reiss, M., & von Borell, E. (Eds.). Animal Bioethics: Principles and teaching methods. Wageningen: Academic Publishers.

Iyengar, S. & Massey, D.S. (2019). Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 7656 – 7661, doi:10. 1073/pnas.1805868115

Jankoski, L. G. Q., & Fischer, M. L. (2019). The role of bioethics in animal ethics commissions. Revista Bioética, 27(3), 549-565.

Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L., & Daszak, P. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451(7181), 990-993.

Kagan, J. (1984). The nature of the child. New York: Basic Books.

Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality. American psychologist, 58(9), 697.

Kalka, M. B., Smith, A. R., & Kalko, E. K. (2008). Bats limit arthropods and herbivory in a tropical forest. Science, 320(5872), 71-71.

Kaufmann, L., & Cordonier, L. (2011). Vers un naturalisme social. SociologieS, 18, V1NS.

Khoury, B. (2020). The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion. Mindfulness, 1.

King, M. T. (2020). Say no to bat fried rice: changing the narrative of coronavirus and Chinese food. Food and Foodways, 1-13.

LeDuc, J. W., & Barry, M. A. (2004). SARS, the first pandemic of the 21st century. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(11), e26.

Leyton, F. (2019). Los animales en la bioética. Barcelona: Ed. Herder.

Li, P. J. (2007). Enforcing wildlife protection in China: the legislative and political solutions. China Information, 21(1), 71-107.

Li, W., Shi, Z., Yu, M., Ren, W., Smith, C., Epstein, J. H.,... & Zhang, J. (2005). Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science, 310(5748), 676-679.

Li, X., Zai, J., Zhao, Q., Nie, Q., Li, Y., Foley, B. T., & Chaillon, A. (2020). Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2. Journal of medical virology, 92(6), 602-611.

Libell, M. (2005). A mirror of myself? Monist and dualist views of animals. En Marie, M., Edwards, S., Gandini, G., Reiss, M., & von Borell, E. (Eds.). Animal Bioethics: Principles and teaching methods. Wageningen: Academic Publishers.

MacFarlane, D., & Rocha, R. (2020). Guidelines for communicating about bats to prevent persecution in the time of COVID-19. Biological Conservation, 108650.

Marie, M., Edwards, S., Gandini, G., Reiss, M., & von Borell, E. (Eds.). (2005). Animal Bioethics: Principles and teaching methods. Wageningen: Academic Publishers.

Martarelli, C.S. & Wolff, W. (2020). Too bored to bother? Boredom as a potential threat to the efficacy of pandemic containment measures. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 7, 28. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0512-6

May, J. (2018). Regard for reason in the moral mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McComiskey, B. (2017). Post-Truth Rhetoric and Composition. Colorado: Utah State University Press.

McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-truth. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Ortiz Millán, G. (2020). Pandemias, zoonosis y comercio de animales silvestres. Revista de Bioética y Derecho, (50), 19-35.

Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., & Chowell, G. (2020). Effect of the Wet Market on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission dynamics in China, 2019-2020. International Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Naughton J. (2020). Fake news about Covid-19 can be as dangerous as the virus. The Guardian, 14 de Marzo.

Norton, R. C. B. G., Faber, M., & Rapport, D. (1992). Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management. Island Press.

O’Callaghan-Gordo, C., & Antó, J. M. (2020). COVID-19: The Disease of the Anthropocene. Environmental Research.

O’shea, T. J., Cryan, P. M., Cunningham, A. A., Fooks, A. R., Hayman, D. T., Luis, A. D.,... & Wood, J. L. (2014). Bat flight and zoonotic viruses. Emerging infectious diseases, 20(5), 741.

Olival, K. J. (2015). To Cull, or Not To Cull, Bat is the Question. EcoHealth, 13(1), 6–8. doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1075-7

Peretó, J. (2020). COVID-19 and the dark side of promiscuity in life. image, 20, 04.

Pérez Tornero, J.m.; Tayie, S.; Tejedor, S.; Pulido, C. (2018). “¿Cómo afrontar las noticias falseadas mediante la alfabetización periodística? Estado de la cuestión”. En: Doxa Comunicación, nº 26, Madrid: CEU San Pablo, pp. 211-235.

Pummerer, L., & Sassenberg, K. (2020). Conspiracy theories in times of crisis and their societal effects: Case “corona”. (PREPRINT)

Robinson, D. (2016). Monster or great fish? Peter Benchley's Jaws as ecocritical text. Scrutiny2, 21(3), 57-72.

Rolston, H. (1991). Environmental ethics: values in and duties to the natural world. Environmental Ethics: Anthologies and Journal Articles-Rolston (Holmes) Collection.

Rothfels, N. (Ed.). (2002). Representing animals. Indiana University Press.

Ruse, M. (2005). “Altruismo: una perspectiva naturalista darwiniana”. Saga, 10: 95-110. Traducción: Maximiliano Martínez y Fernando Melo. El texto original puede hallarse en Post, S. et al. (eds.) (2002). Altruism and altruistic love. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stephens, M. (1997). ’History of newspapers’, Collier’s Encyclopedia. Nueva York: Crowell, Collier and Macmillan.

Suárez-Ruíz, E. J. & González-Galli, L. (2021). Puntos de encuentro entre pensamiento crítico y metacognición para repensar la enseñanza de ética. Sophia, colección de Filosofía de la Educación, 30, pp. 181-202.

Suárez-Ruíz, E. J. (2019). “Sobre la legitimidad de la interrogación meta-filosófica en filosofía de la biología”. Revista de humanidades de Valparaíso (14):377-393.

Thompson, P. B., & List, M. (2015). Ebola needs one bioethics. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 18(1), 96-102.}

Tillman, J.J. (2016). An Integrative Model of Moral Deliberation. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-49022-3_4

Timm, S. C. (2016). Moral intuition or moral disengagement? Cognitive science weighs in on the animal ethics debate. Neuroethics, 9(3), 225-234.

Van Bavel, J. J.; Baicker, K.; Boggio, P. S.; Capraro, V.; Cichocka, A.; Cikara, M.; Crockett, M. J.; Crum, A. J.; Douglas, K. M.; Druckman, J. N.; Drury, J.; Dube, O.; Ellemers, N.; Finkel, E. J.; Fowler, J. H.; Gelfand, M.; Han, S.; Haslam, S. A.; Jetten, J.; … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-

Yáñez González, G. S. (2020). Bioética animal como respuesta al cartesianismo distópico. Revista de Bioética y Derecho, (50), 425-438.

Webb, C. E., Woodford, P., & Huchard, E. (2019). Animal ethics and behavioral science: An overdue discussion. BioScience, 69(10), 778-788.

Wilson, J. Q. (1993). The moral sense. Nueva York: Free Press.

Zhao, Z.; Zhao, J.; Sano, Y.; Levy, O.; Takayasu, H.; Takayasu, M.; Li, D.; Wu, J. & Havlin, S. (2020). Fake news propagates differently from real news even at early stages of spreading. EPJ Data Science 9(1). doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00224-z

Zhou, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., ... & Chen, H. D. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270-273.

Descàrregues

Publicades

2021-06-18

Com citar

Suárez-Ruíz, E. J. (2021). Medio ambiente, medios de comunicación y psicología moral. Sobre el potencial de la convergencia disciplinaria en una bioética animal post-pandemia. Revista De Bioética Y Derecho, (52), 265–286. https://doi.org/10.1344/rbd2021.52.32202