Genètica i aprenentatge: Com influeixen els gens en l'assoliment educatiu

Autors/ores

  • David Bueno Universitat de Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1344/joned.v1i1.31788

Paraules clau:

genètica, epigenètica, heretabilitat, ambient, aprenentatge, adaptació

Resum

El cervell és l’òrgan del pensament. El pensament es defineix com l’acte de pensar; és a dir, d’exercir la facultat de concebre, jutjar o inferir, o de considerar alguna cosa, una opinió o un conjunt d’idees sobre un tema determinat. Inclou implíci- tament els processos d’aprenentatge. Les funcions mentals, que inclouen tots els aspectes del comportament humà, com els relacionats amb l’aprenentatge, sorgeixen de l’activitat del cervell. Les connexions neuronals que generen i donen suport a les funcions mentals es formen en el decurs de la vida, cosa que permet l’aprenentatge de nous conceptes i habilitats. Tant la formació i el funcionament del cervell, com també la plasticitat neuronal, estan influenciats per l’activitat d’un conjunt de gens i també per modificacions epigenètiques, que contribueixen a la regulació de l’expressió gènica adaptant-la a les condicions ambientals. En aquesta revisió, dirigida especialment a professionals de l’educació, s’analitzen les aportacions genètiques i epigenètiques a aspectes mentals relacionats amb els processos d’aprenentatge, en termes d’heretabilitat. Argumentaré que, mal- grat la majoria, si no tots els aspectes relacionats amb l’aprenentatge tenen un rerefons genètic clar, els processos educatius permeten incrementar o disminuir les capacitats innates de cada persona. Parlaré, per tant, de la importància de l’educació en el context de l’heretabilitat dels processos vinculats a l’aprenentat- ge. La conclusió serà que, malgrat que en la majoria d’aquests processos cere- brals l’heretabilitat és relativament alta, les pràctiques educatives constitueixen un element clau per al desenvolupament dels estudiants, atès que permeten mi- llorar, o alternativament disminuir, totes les capacitats cognitives. Per tant, un dels objectius principals de l’educació en un món canviant i incert hauria de ser formar persones adaptables i versàtils que puguin i vulguin aprofitar al màxim les seves capacitats. Els coneixements derivats de la genètica i l’epigenètica, i també de la neurociència, s’haurien d’utilitzar per millorar la comprensió que tenim els professionals de l’educació sobre els orígens biològics de les diferències en les capacitats cognitives, la qual cosa hauria de permetre desenvolupar pràctiques educatives més respectuoses i flexibles per assolir l’objectiu esmentat, formar persones adaptables i versàtils que puguin i vulguin aprofitar al màxim les seves capacitats en un entorn canviant i incert.

Biografia de l'autor/a

David Bueno, Universitat de Barcelona

Professor Titular d'Universitat

Departament de Genètica (UB)

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Publicades

2020-07-15