Valoración del desarrollo de competencias de los estudiantes mediante mapas perceptuales: Una aplicación en la Facultad de Economía y Empresa de la Universidad de Barcelona

Autores/as

  • Oscar Claveria Universidad de Barcelona
  • Ana María Pérez-Marín Universidad de Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1344/RIDU2017.9.5

Palabras clave:

Competencias, Universidad, Encuesta, Ranking, Posicionamiento, Mapas perceptuales

Resumen

El presente artículo se centra en la generación de mapas perceptuales de los ránkings de las percepciones y las expectativas de los graduados universitarios, los profesores y los empresarios en cuanto al desarrollo de competencias. La información parte de una encuesta realizada entre licenciados y académicos de la Facultad de Economía y Empresa de la Universidad de Barcelona y empresarios catalanes. En primer lugar se jerarquizan las competencias y habilidades desarrolladas durante los estudios universitarios. Los ránkings se combinan para los tres colectivos con el objetivo de proyectar visualmente el posicionamiento de los tres tipos de competencias (genéricas, personales y específicas) en mapas perceptuales generados mediante diferentes tipos de técnicas multivariantes de reducción de la dimensionalidad para datos ordinales (escalamiento multidimensional y componentes principales categóricos). A partir del análisis realizado, se observa un elevado consenso entre los tres colectivos por lo que respecta a la relevancia de las competencias. Los mapas perceptuales permiten captar el grado de similitud entre las competencias analizadas en términos de su posicionamiento. Así, destacan como mejor posicionadas la organización y planificación entre las competencias genéricas; la comunicación oral y escrita entre las personales; y la capacidad de aprendizaje entre las específicas.

Citas

Alcañiz, M., Claveria, O., Riera, C. (2014) Competencias en educación superior desde tres perspectivas diferentes: estudiantes, empleadores y académicos. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 66(2), pp. 1-19.

Alcañiz, M., Claveria, O., Torra, S. (2016) Posicionament multivariant de les expectatives d’estudiants graduats, professors i empresaris mitjançant components principals categòrics. Revista d’Innovació Docent Universitària 8, pp. 77-85.

Allen, J., van der Velden, R. (2001) Educational mismatches versus skill mismatches: effects on wages, job satisfaction and on-the-job search. Oxford Economic Papers, 3, pp. 434-452.

Archer, W., Davison, J. (2008) Graduate Employability: What do employers think and want? Council for Industry and Higher Education (CIHE), London.

Atfield, G., Purcell, K. (2010) Graduate labour market supply and demand: Final year students’ perceptions of the skills they have to offer and the skills employers seek. Working Paper 4, Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Warwick.

Borg, I., Groenen, P.J.F. (2005) Modern multidimensional scaling: Theory and applications (2nd Ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York.

Chandra, S., Menezes, D. (2001) Applications of multivariate analysis in international tourism research: The marketing strategy perspective of NTOs. Journal of Economic and Social Research, 3(1), pp. 77-98.

Chevalier, A., Lindley, J. (2009) Overeducation and the skills of UK graduates. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 172, pp. 307-337.

Claveria, O. (2016) Positioning emerging markets using tourism and economic indicators. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 29, pp. 143-153.

Claveria, O., Monte, E., Torra, S. (2016) A self-organizing map analysis of survey-based agents’ expectations before impending shocks for model selection: The case of the 2008 financial crisis. International Economics, 146, pp. 40-58.

Claveria, O., Poluzzi, A. (2017) Positioning and clustering of the world’s top tourist destinations by means of dimensionality reduction techniques for categorical data. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. In Press.

De Leeuw, J., Meulman, J.J. (1986) Principal component analysis and restricted multidimensional scaling. En: W. Gaul y M. Schader (Eds.) Classification as a Tool of Research. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Di Pietro, G., Urwin, P. (2006) Education and skills mismatch in the Italian graduate labour market. Applied Economics, 38(1), pp. 79-93.

Fentom, M., Pearce, P. (1988) Multidimensional scaling and tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, pp. 236-254.

Fetscherin, M., Stephano, R.M. (2016) The medical tourism index: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 52(1), pp. 539–556.

Gifi, A. (1990) Nonlinear multivariate analysis. Wiley, Chichester, England.

Grande, I., Abascal, E. (2005) Análisis de encuestas. ESIC, Madrid.

Green, F., McIntosh, S. (2007) Is there a genuine under-utilization of skills amongst the over-qualified? Applied Economics, 39(4), pp. 427-439.

Guo, Y., Guillet, B.D., Kucukusta, D., Law, R. (2015) Segmenting hotel customers based on rate fences using conjoint and cluster analyses. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(7), pp. 835-851.

Guttman, L. (1941) The quantification of a class of attributes: A theory and method of scale construction. En: P. Horst (Ed.) The prediction of personal adjustment. Social Science Research Council, New York.

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. (2009) Multivariate data analysis (7th Ed.). Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Heijke, H., Meng, C., Ris, C. (2003) Fitting to the job: the role of generic and vocational competencies in adjustment and performance. Labour Economics, 10(2), pp. 215-229.

Huber, R.L.B., Fennie, K., Patterson, H. (2015) Competencies for master and doctoral students in epidemiology: what is important, what is unimportant, and where is there room for improvement? Annals of Epidemiology, 25, pp. 466-468.

Isamail, R., Meerah, S.M. (2012) Evaluating the research competencies of doctoral students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, pp. 244-247.

Jetté, S., Tribble, D.S.C., Gagnon, J., Mathieu, L. (2010) Nursing students' perceptions of their resources toward the development of competencies in nursing informatics. Nurse Education Today, 30, pp. 742-746.

Jolliffe, I.T. (2002) Principal component analysis (2nd Ed.). Springer Series in Statistics.

Kim, D.J., Kim, W.G., Han, J.S. (2007) A perceptual mapping of online travel agencies and preference attributes. Tourism Management, 28(2), pp. 591-603.

King, C., Chen, N., Funk, D.C. (2015) Exploring destination image decay. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 39 (1), pp. 3-31.

Kohonen, T. (1982) Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological Cybernetics, 43(1), pp. 59-69.

Kohonen, T. (2001) Self-organizing maps. Springer, Berlin.

Kramer, M.A. (1991) Nonlinear principal component analysis using autoassociative neural networks. AIChE Journal, 37(2), pp. 233-243.

Li, X.R., Cheng, C.K., Kim, H., Li, X. (2015) Positioning USA in the Chinese outbound travel market. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 39(1), pp. 75-104.

Linting, M., Meulman, J.J., Groenen, P.J.F., Van der Koojj, A.J. (2007) Nonlinear principal components analysis: Introduction and application. Psychological Methods, 12(3), pp. 336-358.

Liu, Y., Weisberg, R.H. (2005) Patterns of ocean current variability on the west Florida shelf using the self-organizing map. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(C6), pp. 1-12.

Marcussen, C.H. (2014) Multidimensional scaling in tourism literature. Tourism Management Perspectives, 12, pp. 31-40.

Martín, M., Rabadán, A.B., Hernández, J. (2013) Desajustes entre formación y empleo en el ámbito de las Enseñanzas Técnicas universitarias: la visión de los empleadores de la Comunidad de Madrid. Revista de Educación, 360(1), pp. 244-267.

Mavromaras, K., McGuinness, S., O'Leary, N., Sloane, P., Wei, Z. (2013) Job Mismatches and Labour Market Outcomes: Panel Evidence on University Graduates. Economic Record, 89, pp. 382-395.

McMillan, J.H., Schumacher, S. (2005) Investigación educativa. Pearson Addison Wesley, Madrid.

Meulman, J.J., Heiser, W.J., SPSS. (2004) SPSS Categories 13.0. Chicago, Illinois: SPSS Inc.

Munroe, T., Westwind, M. (2009) What makes Silicon Valley tick? The ecology of innovation at work. Nova Vista Publishing, New York.

Olehnovica, E., Bolgzda, I., Kravale-Pauliņa, M. (2015) Individual potential of doctoral students: Structure of research competences and self-assessment. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, pp. 3557-3564.

Paganini, R. (2009) Una introducción a Tuning Educational Structures in Europe. La contribución de las universidades al proceso de Bolonia. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao.

Park, D.B., Yoon, Y.S. (2009) Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30(1), pp. 99-108.

Pearson, K. (1901). On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 2(11), pp. 559-572.

Phau, I., Shanka, T., Dhayan, N. (2010) Destination image and choice intention of university student travellers to Mauritius. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(5), pp. 758-764.

Roberson, M.T., Carnes, L.W., Vice, J.P. (2002) Defining and measuring student competencies: A content validation approach for business program outcome assessment. Delta Pi Epsilon Journal 44 (1), pp. 13-24.

Salas, M. (2003) Educación superior y mercado de trabajo. Grupo Editorial Universitario, Granada.

Sarlin, P., Peltonen, T.A. (2013) Mapping the state of financial stability. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 26, pp. 46-76.

Schölkopf, B., Smola, A.J., Müller, K. (1988) Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem. Neural Computation, 10(5), pp. 1299-1319.

Semeijen, J.H., van der Velden, R., Heijke, H., van der Vleuten, C., Boshuizen, H.P.A. (2008) Competence indicators in academic education and early labour market success of graduates in health sciences. Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market, Maastricht University, Maastricht.

Sinclari-Maragh, G., Gursoy, D., Vieregge, M. (2015) Residents’ perceptions toward tourism development: A factor-cluster approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(1), pp. 36-45.

Torgerson, W.S. (1952) Multidimensional scaling: I. Theory and method. Psychometrika, 17(4), pp. 401-419.

Torgerson, W.S. (1958) Theory & methods of scaling. Wiley, Oxford, England.

Upchurch, R.S, Ellis, T., Seo, J. (2004) Applying the hierarchical cluster analysis procedure upon the process of yield management—A comparative study. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16(4), pp. 47-58.

Uysal, M., Chen, J., Williams, D.R. (2000) Increasing state market share through a regional positioning. Tourism Management, 21(1), pp. 89-96.

World Economic Forum (2014) Matching skills and labour market needs. Paper prepared by the Global Agenda Council on Employment, Davos.

Descargas

Publicado

2017-01-30

Número

Sección

Artículos